The Heritage of Egypt
Volume 1 Number 2 Issue 2
May 2008
in this issue:
The history, archaeology,
and legacy of Egypt
Editor:
Amgad Refai
E-mail: amgad.refai@alhadara.com
From the Heritage of Africa:
The Mysterious Rock Hewed Churches
of Lalibela
Amgad Refai
2
Published by:
Al-Hadara Publishing
Cairo, Egypt
www.alhadara.com
E-mail: ask@alhadara.com
Fax: (20 2) 3760 58 98
© Al-Hadara Publishing
“Tutankhamun and
the Golden Age of the
Pharaohs”
Exhibition in London
Bob Partridge
Plants in Ancient
Egypt
Loutfy Boulos
14
Making a Graphic
Change
Katie Hollamby
The Publisher and the Editor are not
liable for statements made and opinions
expressed in this publication.
8
18
A Memphite tomb
The tomb of Kyiri
Wolfram Grajetzki
23
From The Editor
From the Heritage of Africa
The Mysterious Rock Hewed Churches Of Lalibela
1959 an autonomous Ethiopian Patriarchate
was established.
I was holding my breath when the small
Aircraft was ready to land at the small airport
of Lalibela, even I couldn’t wait to have some
rest in my hotel before I see the wonderful
Churches of Lalibela. Its something I will not
forget, walking in the village , and suddenly a
stone cross raised from the ground, and before
I wonder about it, my guide told me with very
proud smile on his face “This is the roof of Bet
Giorgis“ and here,
the story began
The first European to describe Lalibela was
Francisco Alvarez, who came to the holy city
between (1521-1525), and amongst most of
other travelers who used to visit the place after
that, they used to call it (New Jerusalem).
The Original name of the place is Roha,
which used to be the
Capital of Zague
dynasty for over 300
years, then named
after the name of
the legend King of
Roha, and the last
king of Zague
dynasty “King
L a l i b e l a “ ( 118 5 1225).
In the 4th
Centur y AD, two
brothers from
“Tyre”,
St.
Frumentius and
Aedesius introduced
Christianity to
Ethiopia at the time
of King Ezana (303 350 AD), and St.
F u m e n t i u s
considered the first
Ethiopian Bishop.
According to the
Ethiopian legends,
“Lalibela” grew up
in Roha, when his
b r ot h e r w a s t h e
king, it said that the
bees prophesied his
great future*, The
king became jealous
by those prophecies
about his brother ,
tried to poison him,
but the poison
nearly
cast
“Lalibela” into
death-like sleep for
three days. During
these three days an
angel car r ied his
soul to heaven to
show him the churches which he was to build.
Returned once more to earth he withdraw
into the wildness , then took a wife upon God’s
command with the name of “Maskal Kebra”,
and flew with an angel to Jerusalem , Christ
himself ordered the king to abdicate in favor
The Ethiopian
church followed the
Coptic Church in
Egypt till the Arab
conquest in the 7th
Century, when the
Ethiopian church
lost contact with any
Christian neighbors.
D u r i n g t h e 12 t h
c e n t u r y,
the
Patriarch
of
A l e x a n d r i a
appointed the
E t h i o p i a n
Archbishop known as “Abuna” who was always
Egyptian Coptic Monk. 1929, when again
Egyptian monk appointed “Abuna”, but four
Ethiopian Bishops were also consecrated as
his auxiliaries , till 1950 when Ethiopian
“Abuna” (Basil) was finally appointed , and in
* Till now Ethiopians believe that bees in dream foretell greatness, and good future.
2
The workers probably cut free an oblong
block of stone by sinking a rectangular trench
in the tuff, from this monolith the stone
masons chiseled out the church, shaping the
exterior and the interior, retaining stones for
the columns, Pilasters and arches. The roof
was probably decorated by the senior masons
while they were waiting for the less skilled
craftsmen to excavate the walls. At each level
of excavation the finishing sculptural work
may have accomplish the work inside, entry
was gained through the uppermost row of
windows which are usually open, and only
rarely provided with fillings. The level of the
proposed floor was reached first of all on the
western side of the church in the area of the
main entrance.
of Lalibela, anointed king under the throne
name “Gebre Maska” Lalibela, living himself
an even more severe monastic life than before.
Carried out the construction of the churches,
angels worked side by side with the stone
masons, and within twenty four years, the
entire work was completed.
King Lalibela built 11 monolithic churches
in Roha; he constructed them in his Capital,
in the hope of replacing ancient Aksum as a
city of Ethiopian preeminence. Restoration
work in the 20th century indicates that some
of the churches may have been used originally
as fortifications and royal residence.
The churches were hewn out of solid rock
(Entirely below ground leve) in a variety of
style, generally trenches were excavated in a
rectangle, isolating a solid granite block, the
block was then carved both externally and
internally, then work proceeding from top
downward.
Photo By Amgad Refai ©
The excavation of such a great project poses
a number of logistic problems, which might
also be pondered when admiring the finished
work. For example, where was the excavated
Bet Giorgis
3
Icon of the Virgin
4
Photo By Amgad Refai ©
stone and ear th carried to? How many
thousands humans carries must have been
employed? How were the stones carried away?
The answers of some of those
q u e s t i o n s n e e d to o m a ny
researches, and much work from
Archaeologists.
groups, Bet Medhane Alem in the east, The Bet
Maryam group in the center, and the twin
Photo By Amgad Refai ©
The churches were arranged in
two main groups, connected by
subterranean passageways, one
group, surrounded by a trench 11
meters deep, includes House of
Emmanuel, House of Mercurios,
Abba Libanos, and House of
Gabriel, all carved from a single
rock hill. House of Medhane is the
largest church, 33 meters long, 23
meters wide, and 10 meters deep.
House of Giorgis, cruciform shape,
is car ved from a sloping rock
terrace. House of Golgoth, and
house of Mariam is noted for its
F rescoes. The inter iors were
hollowed out into naves and given
vaulted ceiling.
The paintings in the churches
are all from later date, some
originating in the 15th century,
and some from 17th-18th century.
The first group of churches
The churches of the first main
group lie in their rock cradles one
behind the other north of river
Jordan. The whole complex may
be divided into three smaller
A monk showing King Lalibela Cross
5
But still the most important church of this
group, is the Bet Maryam, and a legend says
that king Lalibela himself favored this church
above all, having attended mass there daily, a
box of the Royal family of Lalibela is still shown
on the western wall of the courtyard. And as
well it’s beloved for its beautiful paintings.
THE SECOND GROUP OF CHURCHES
Lalibela memorial stamps
South of River Jordan, a bastion of red tuff
severed from the rock plateau in the north,
east and south by a broad artificial outer
trench, 11 meters deep . Another deep central
trench cuts this area into two parts, leaving at
its end a cone-shaped hill. The original function
Photo By Amgad Refai ©
church Golgota Debre Sna with the Selassie
chapel in the west. Each sub-Group has a
courtyard of its own, while the whole complex
is surrounded by deep outer trench.
Roof Painting
6
of this complex of churches not yet clarified,
tow of them, Bet Emanuel and Bet Abba
Libanos are planned as church, while the other
two might be part of residence of Zague, and
seems since the fall of the Zague, they became
churches too.
have been found in the walls of the courtyard,
graves for pious pilgrims and monks.
The legend about Bet Giorgis says that when
King Lalibela had almost completed the
churches, St. George on his white horse
reproached Lalibela for not constructing
house for him. Then Lalibela promised the
saint the most beautiful church, and the legend
says that St. George supervised the work in the
church in person.*
The Bet Emanuel church considered to be
the finest and most impressive church in this
group with very nice paintings. And Bet Abba
Lebanos connected to the legend that Lalibela’s
wife “Maskal Kebra” with the help of angels,
created this church in one night.
No doubt that the church of Bit Giorgis is
the most remarkable and special one amongst
all other churches in Lalibela for its different
elegant architecture.
BET GIORGIS
The Bet Giorgis is isolated from the other
two groups of churches, dedicated to the
national saint of Ethiopia. It is located in the
southwest of the village on a sloping rock
terrace, in its deep pit with perpendicular walls
can only be reached through a tunnel which
is entered from some distance away through
a trench. Small round caves and chambers
The churches of Lalibela designated a
UNESCO world heritage site in 1978, and
during the major holy day celebration it attracts
thousands of pilgrims. The town also serves
as a market centre for the Amhara people.
The village of Lalibela
* Monks today still show the hoof-mark of the horse to the visitors.
7
“Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the
Pharaohs”
Bob Partridge
Exhibition in London*
In the late 1960s a tour of objects from the
Tomb of Tutankhamun toured the world. In
1972 the exhibition opened at the British
Museum in London and it was, and still is, one
of the most successful exhibitions ever held,
drawing record crowds and with people
queuing for hours to see it.
tomb and also an excellent way to mark the
fiftieth anniversary of the tomb’s discovery by
Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon.
Over t hir ty years on and anot her
Tutankhamun exhibition began a tour, starting
in Europe and with several venues in the
United States. In March this year it opened at
a new Exhibition Centre in London, the O2.
Fifty objects were selected which included the
famous gold funerary mask. This was a time
when relatively few people were able to travel
to Egypt and it was a unique opportunity to
see some of the splendid objects from the king’s
Like the 1972 exhibition, “Tutankhamun and
the Golden Age of the Pharaohs” also features
fifty objects from the Tomb of Tutankhamun.
Some of these were included in
the 1972 exhibition, a gilded
image of the god Ptah, the
alabaster “wishing cup”, the
portable chest, a tall cabinet on
legs, the small child’s chair (of
ebony inlaid with ivory) and
footstool, the gilded ostrichfeather fan, the little gilded
shrine, a standing figure of the
king wearing the red crown, and
the gold dagger. This time,
however, the gold mask is not
included. It is too important an
object to now leave the Egyptian
Museum in Cairo as it is one of
the main attractions for visitors
there.
The little Gilded Shrine of Tutankhamun
Also included is one of the
miniature gold canopic coffins,
a canopic stopper – but not the
same one as last time - and a
royal crook and flail – but again,
a different set from 1972. All of
these objects are well known and
o f t h e h i g h e s t q u a l i t y. I n
addition to these objects, some
of the main items to be included
in the new exhibition are the
king’s silver trumpet, a superb
stool, one of the ceremonial
shields, three pectorals, the
ankh-shaped mirror-case, an
* Photos: Bob Partridge, courtesy of the Tutankhamun and the golden Age of the Pharaohs
Exhibition, the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquties and the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
8
Detail of the gold and inlaid canopic coffin of Tutankhamun
9
alabaster unguent jar
(the one with the lion on
the lid), and the box in
the shape of a cartouche.
O n e o f t h e l a r ge s t
objects from the tomb to
be included is the lifes i z e d p a i n te d wo o d
torso of the king; the
other main object is the
gold and inlaid royal
diadem found on the
h e a d o f t h e k i n g ’s
mummy.
There are some major
and unique pieces here
and this selection is far
from being a “poor
relation” of the 1972
exhibition. These and
the other objects are
beautifully illustrated
and described in a book
Tutankhamun's Wishing Cup
“Tutankhamun and the
G o l d e n A ge o f t h e
Pharaohs” written by Dr. Zahi Hawass and
seventy other key exhibits are on display, many
published by National Geographic. The book
of which are major pieces that have not left
is illustrated with specially commissioned (and
Egypt before. Most of these date to just before
stunning) photographs by Kenneth Garrett.
his reign and are connected to members of his
family.
This new exhibition is, however, much more
than just Tutankhamun and it aims to put his
reign and time in an historical context. In
addition to Tutankhamun’s treasures, some
Objects are included from other royal tombs
in the Valley of the Kings, notably from the
tombs of Amenhotep II and Thutmose IV. Often
The gilded coffin of Thuya
10
Pectoral of Tutankhamun showing a winged scarab beetle
damaged by robbers, these objects are
similar to many intact examples found in
the tomb of Tutankhamun.
The reigns of earlier r ulers are also
represented, including Thutmose IV (a
magnificent life-sized granite double statue
of the king with his mother is included)
a n d s c u l pt u r e f r o m t h e r e i g n s o f
Amenhotep III and Akhenaten. One of the
largest pieces in the exhibition is one of
the well-known heads from a colossal statue
of Akhenaten found at Karnak, and there
are several other famous “Amarna” pieces.
Many splendid objects are included from
the tomb of Yuya and Thuya, found some
years before that of Tutankhamun in the
Valley of the Kings. The gilded coffin and
mummy mask of Thuya and ornate pieces
of furniture show the wealth of the reign
of Amenhotep III.
The gold and inlaid royal diadem
found on Tutankhamun's mummy
11
In his opening remarks, Dr.
Zahi Hawass made it clear that
the aim of the exhibition was
to help raise funds for the new
Grand Egyptian Museum which
is being built at Giza and also
to help to conserve objects in
Egypt. It has recently been
repor ted that the final
restoration of Tutankhamun’s
sixth chariot, which has never
been on show, has taken place;
one can appreciate the time and
costs involved in this work. The
Egyptian Museum now plans to
conserve the four gilded shrines
– necessary anyway, not just to
enable them to be moved to the
new museum in a few years’
time – and of course this task
will have to be undertaken for
every object to be moved. Dr.
Hawass said that 75% of the
Statue of Thutmose IV and his mother
exhibition ticket receipts will
go to Egypt. At £15 for adults on
I have been lucky enough to visit the London
week-days
and
£20 at the weekend, the
exhibition twice. I have seen all the objects
many times before in Cairo and I was looking
forward to seeing how they would be presented
in this new exhibition.
I was very impressed. This is a truly stunning
exhibition. Most of the objects included are
spectacular; they have never looked better and
the information provided in the labelling is
accurate and informative. Each object is given
much more space than is possible in Cairo,
and can be seen from all sides.
The quality of the display and lighting means
that the objects can literally be seen in a new
light. Tutankhamun’s carrying chest and small
chair look like they were made yesterday.
The exhibition had been criticised in the United
States and in the UK press for the background
music, but I was so fascinated by the objects I
have to say that I really didn’t notice it! In the
US, the exhibition was accused of being
theatrical; I think the only instance of this in
the UK version of the exhibition is where
reproduction “ancient” columns almost
overwhelm a colossal head of Akhenaten.
However, perhaps those who criticised the
rooms containing the objects should have spent
more time looking at the objects themselves!
Chair of ebony and ivory used by
Tutankhamun when he was a child
12
exhibition is still good value for money.
The exhibition in London is proving
hugely popular and it runs until August.
It both educates and enlightens visitors
about the art and culture of ancient
Egypt and I have no doubt that it will
inspire many to want to find out more
about Egypt and even to visit the country.
As such the objects on display are
working hard as ambassadors for Egypt.
Most importantly, the objects are helping
to raise much needed funds. When the
exhibition closes in London, it will then
travel again to the United States, as will
a similar exhibition which is currently
on in Vienna.
By the time all the objects return to Egypt
they will have a new home, the Grand
Egyptian Museum, and one which they
will have helped to fund. I have no doubt
that many people having seen the
London exhibition will want to visit the
new museum and to see all the other
Tutankhamun pieces and the wide range
of splendid objects from all periods of
Egyptian history which will be on display
there.
However, if you cannot visit Egypt and
you are in London in the next few
months, the exhibition is one most
definitely NOT to miss.
For more information on the exhibition
you can visit the web site
www.kingTut.org
Bob is Editor of the UK magazine
“Ancient Egypt”
www.ancientegyptmagazine.com
He is the author of a number of books
on ancient Egypt including
“Transport in Ancient Egypt”
“Faces of Pharaohs: Royal Mummies and
Coffins from Ancient Thebes” and
“Fighting Pharaohs: Weapons and
Warfare in Ancient Egypt”.
Head of a statue of Queen Nefertiti
13
Plants in Ancient Egypt
Loutfy Boulos
labouring peasant. The frequency with which
well-furnished tombs were provided with
loaves of bread and jars of beer, and the many
artistic scenes of baking and brewing in tombs
demonstrate how the ancient Egyptians aimed
for an equally abundant supply in the afterlife.
Our knowledge about the plants of ancient
Egypt is based on the plant remains found in
the archaeological sites and tombs, as well as
from the documented information on papyri
and plant motifs which appear on the temples.
Plants have played a major role in the daily
life of ancient Egyptians including agriculture,
industries, food, building material, artwork,
and other activities.
Vines (Vitis vinifera) were planted for grapes
either in gardens for home consumption, or
in vineyards for the production of fruit for
wine.
Agriculture and agricultural products
E g y pt i a n a g r i c u l t u r e w a s p r o b a b ly
established some time during the eighth
millennium BP (before present) with a range
of domesticated crops. The earliest finds of
Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and barley
(Hordeum vulgare) in Egypt date to 7300-6000
BP marking the beginnings of one of the most
accomplished examples of plant-people
interaction in history. Ancient Egyptians were
probably the first people who made bread from
wheat and brewed beer from barley. The
importance of both bread and beer in ancient
Egypt, widely attested in many documentary
sources, including offering lists, proverbs,
scribal exercises, and administrative records.
No meal was complete without bread and beer,
and everyone in ancient Egyptian society
par took of t hem, from pharaoh to t he
Vegetables and pulses
Ancient Egyptians also cultivated onion
(Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum).
Herodotus recorded the vast quantities of
onions and garlic consumed by the builders
of the pyramids of Giza. Garlic, besides a
favourite food, was used medicinally and as a
preservative, which may explain its association
with mummies. Several other vegetables were
cultivated in ancient Egypt: lettuce (Lactuca
sativa), melon (Cucumis melo), cucumber
(Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Citrullus
lanatus), radish (Raphanus sativus), lentil (Lens
culinar is), chickpea (Cicer ar ietinum),
coriander (Coriandrum sativum), cumin
(Cuminum cyminum), black cumin (Nigella
Nymphaea lotus
14
Fruit Trees
Three palm trees were known from ancient
Egypt: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), dom
palm (Hyphaene thebaica) and Medemia palm
(Medemia argun). Fruits of these palms were
frequently found among other offerings in the
tombs of ancient Egypt.
Other fruit trees in ancient Egypt include
sycomore fig (Ficus sycomorus), Common fig
(Ficus carica), pomegranate (Punica granatum),
carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), Olive tree (Olea
europaea), Egyptian plum (Cordia myxa),
Christ's thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi), persea
or lebbakh (Mimusops laurifolia) and henna
(Lawsonia inermis).
Papyrus
The papyrus plant (Cyperus papyrus), from
which the ancient Egyptians manufactured
their writing material, the papyrus sheets,
served to record written information of their
activities since the third millennium BC in the
form of rolls, as the sheets were joined together.
Papyrus was symbolized by the papyrus
columns frequently seen in temples of ancient
Egypt.
Flax
Hyphaene thebaica
The flax plant (Linum usitatissimum) was
cultivated in Egypt since predynastic times.
The majority of the textiles of ancient Egyptians
were of linen made of the fibers of f lax.
Turning the flax plant into a piece of cloth is
an elaborate process. However, a variety of
types of linen cloth were already produced in
the Neolithic period c. 5000 BC. Ancient
Egyptians were probably t he first who
manufactured cloth items from plant fibers.
Lotus
Two species are known in Egypt: the whitef lowered Nymphaea lotus and the blueflowered Nymphaea caerulea, and are still
growing in the canals, especially in the Nile
Delta region. Lotus f lowers were used as
offerings in ancient Egypt. Lotus columns are
frequently seen in the temples.
Cyperus papyrus
Tools and objects
sativa), celery (Apium graveolens), fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum-graecum), garden pea
(Pisum sativum), faba beens (Vicia faba), lupin
(Lupinus albus) and earth almond (Cyperus
esculentus).
Numerous tools and objects of plant origin
are known from ancient Egypt. Mats were
made of sedges such as Cyperus alopecuroides
and Cyperus articulatus. Floor mats were made
15
Ficus sycomorus
Medemia argun
The two grasses used were Desmostachya
bipinnata and Imperata cylindrica, which are
known as halfa grasses. These two species
frequently grow throughout the country near
cultivated ground, and are still growing in
similar habitats in Egypt.
The strong midribs of date palm leaves were
used for making chairs, tables, beds, an
industry still going on in rural regions and the
oases in Egypt. It is believed that the basket,
in which Moses the child was found in the
Nile, was made of the hardy stems of Ceruana
pratensis, a plant still growing along the Nile
banks in Egypt.
from rushes such as Juncus rigidus and Juncus
acutus. Baskets were made of culms of the
ordinary read Phragmites australis and the
bamboo-like reed Arundo donax. Palm leaves
and grasses were widely used for making
baskets and mats. The most common palm
leaves used are those of date palm (Phoenix
dactylifera) and dom palm Hyphaene thebaica.
Wood
Native and imported woods were used in
ancient Egypt to manufacture different objects.
Native species include Acacia nilotica, from
the Nile valley, and Acacia tortilis, a desert
species, carob (Ceratonia siliqua), sycomore fig
(Ficus sycomorus), olive tree (Olea europaea),
16
Many other plants, growing wild, were
recorded from the excavation sites, their
remains could be identified by comparing
them with the present vegetation.
Acacia nilotica
tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla), Christ's thorn
(Ziziphus spina-christi), dom palm (Hyphaene
thebaica) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).
Among the imported woods are: field maple
(Acer campestre), common box (Buxus
sempervirens), African black wood (Dalbergia
m e l a n ox yl o n ) , c o m m o n a s h ( F ra x i n u s
excelsior), persea (Mimusops laurifolia), cedar
of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), cypress (Cupressus
semper virens) and Aleppo pine (Pinus
halepensis).
Cyperus esculentus
Different objects were made of these woods,
such as arrows, coffin dwells, sarcophagi
dwells, boxes, bowls, spoons, pins, knife
handles, combs, musical instruments, toys,
boats, cabinets, furniture, sculptures, statues,
roof timber, wheels, wagons, paddles, barrels,
ladders, water pipes, flooring and monumental
doors.
Dyes
Ancient Egyptian textiles were dyed mainly
in blue or in red, and less frequently yellow
textiles were met with. The plants used as a
source of blue colour were indigo (Indigofera
species) or woad (Isatis tinctorum). Red colours
were mainly from alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria)
and henna (Lawsonia inermis). Yellow was
mainly produced from pomegranate (Punica
g ra n a t u m ) a n d s a f f l owe r ( C a r t h a m u s
tinctorius).
Punica granatum
17
Making a Graphic Change
Katie Hollamby
It would be hard to argue that there has ever
been a more fascinating civilization that has
walked on the face of this earth than the
ancient Egyptians. The treasures that they have
left behind continue to marvel the 1.8 million
visitors from around the globe every year that
come to The Egyptian Museum. Yet the way
this national museum has been maintained
since it opened it’s doors in 1902, is just as
astonishing.
awareness, and impact of organizations or
c a u s e s t h a t s u p p o r t s s o c i et y a n d t h e
environment, through creating successful
graphic design components and systems.
Sometimes it’s the simplest things that make
the biggest difference. In this case, it’s a lack
of general information that prevents visitors
from getting the most out of their experience
at this museum. For instance, if you come
across a fist-sized stone that slightly resembles
a human head in a random case without any
The Egyptian Museum
Graphic Improvement
Project (TEMGIP) began as a
simple dream to dramatically
improve t he image and
functionality of The Egyptian
Museum by creating the first
complete signage system and
brochure. Walking away from
h e r i n i t i a l v i s i t to t h e
museum in 2004, Rebecca
We i m e r ( a U S A - b a s e d
Graphic Designer) decided to
turn her dream into a reality.
The inspiration to pursue
this dream is what fuelled
her to star t a non-profit
organization ‘Graphic
Change, Inc.’ that works to
improve the effectiveness,
18
i n fo r m a t i o n t o t e l l y o u i t s
significance, you’re likely to walk by
it. But if there was a label that told
you that this was the earliest 3-D
human figure ever found, initiating
sculpture some 7,000 years ago, you
would gain much more appreciation
for it. This is the underlying goal of
TEMGIP.
Graphic Change has been in Cairo
since November 2005, producing the
first brochure and developing a
complete signage system, consisting
of 330 signs that will allow visitors
to easily understand what they are
looking at, while smoot hly
navigating the museum. “As we
begin to face the enormous challenge
of modernizing this great
institution, we are fortunate to have
the support of Graphic Change, an
American non-profit organization.”
states Dr. Zahi Hawass, General
Secretary of the Supreme Council of
Antiquities (SCA).
In designing the signage system,
there were many things that needed
to be considered. It was important
for the overall look and feel of the
system to marry the Neoclassical
19
structure of the building with aspects of the
ancient Egyptian culture. A g ranite-like
material called Corian® was chosen to fabricate
the signs, based on the fact that granite was
not only widely used by the ancient Egyptians,
but also during the Neoclassical era. This
material was also chosen for its properties of
being more durable than actual granite,
making it very easy to clean and maintain.
periods displayed on the lower floor, and
various themes displayed on the upper floor.
Sustainability is key, and plays an important
role in this project. The signage system will
therefore be installed in a ‘framework’ on the
walls and will be able to click and lock into
place, making the system not only safe but also
versatile to accommodate continuous changes
that occur within the museum.
One of the most important aspects of the
system is to communicate clearly to the broad
international audience. The use of iconic
symbols is t he most effective way to
communicate to all languages and cultures.
The idea of using ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphics to identify the various collections
in the museum as well as its facilities, bridges
the communication gap and lends itself well
to the concept. The use of color was also and
important aspect to consider. Color is a great
way to identify and unify several different
display rooms that have a common theme or
time period. A color code system has been
created to help differentiate multiple time
Taking sustainability a step further, the
brochure Graphic Change has produced and
copyrighted will be sold at the museum to
financially sustain the new signage system and
Graphic Change’s effor ts. The brochure
contains the most up-to-date, complete and
comprehensive maps, created by Graphic
Change, now used by the museum to help
create their catalogue database. Each section
of the museum is clearly color-coded with
general information about the topic and items
displayed in that section. Information about
museum hours, admission costs, general
guidelines, infor mation for visitors in
20
21
wheelchairs, contact information and general
information about the museum itself are also
included.
The entire project has been created by
Graphic Change and approved by the SCA.
Corporate or personal sponsorship is now
being sought to be able to implement the
project. “In order to realize this ambitious and
vital project, t he Supreme Council of
Antiquities, through Graphic Change, is
seeking financial support to assist with the
funding of this important project.” states Dr.
Zahi Hawass. A variety of companies have
already stepped up to support different aspects
of t his project. DuPont has g ranted a
discounted rate for their Corian® material,
McDonald’s has sponsored the first 3,000
brochures, and Kwik Kopy has printed 75
project por tfolios t hat have aided t he
fundraising process. Once full funding
becomes available, it will be a 4 to 6 month
process until the entire system will be installed.
Sponsorship benefits include a company
logo with a line of appreciation permanently
inside the brochure, a logo on the Sponsorship
plaque permanently displayed inside the
museum, and a logo on 3 banners, prominently
displayed in t he museum dur ing t he
installation phase of the project. These benefits
will be seen by approximately 5,000 people
from around the world who visit the museum
everyday; almost 2 million every year. Benefits
also include an off icial cer tif icate of
appreciation, (signed by the Secretary General
of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and the
Minister of Culture of the Arab Republic of
Egypt), that will be presented at the grand
opening event, accompanied by the press.
For more information about this project and
sponsorship, visit www.GraphicChange.org
Companies interested in sponsoring this
project can contact Rebecca Weimer at
rweimer@gmail.com.
Katie Hollamby is an Event Manager and Fine
Art Photographer, living and working in Egypt.
22
A Memphite tomb
The tomb of Kyiri
Wolfram Grajetzki
The places now famous for ancient
monuments are often not the same, as the ones
anciently celebrated. For the New Kingdom,
Thebes remains the centre of attention for the
modern visitor. There, on the East bank of the
Nile is the temple of Karnak, and, on the West
the hundreds of tombs belonging to the
officials at Thebes West.
massive temple complex, on the same scale of
the one we can still see today at Karnak. Across
the river, at Memphis, stood the second city of
New Kingdom Egypt with several palaces and
again a huge temple complex of about the same
scale as the one at Heliopolis. All these temples
and palaces are today almost entirely vanished:
most often, it is even no longer possible to
reconstruct the plan of these buildings.
For a stranger, visiting Egypt around 1150
BC, the picture must have been different.
Coming from Palestine he would soon reach
Perramesse, the royal residence in the Eastern
Delta. As described in poetry of the time, the
city had several monumental temples similar
in size to those known from Karnak, there
were palaces of the king and the g reat
mansions of the state officials.
Somewhat better known are the cemeteries
of Memphis, at Saqqara. Especially the tombs
and pyramids of the Old Kingdom from about
3000 to 2200 BC are well preserved. However,
it should be made clear, that they formed the
lowest level at Saqqara protected by sand and
later buildings constructed over them. The
cemeteries of the New Kingdom were at a
higher level. Therefore, they were the first to
be destroyed already in Antiquity. Egyptologists
often tend to look at the few places with ideal
preservation conditions for architecture or
organic material. These places are too often
regarded as typical for the whole of the country
of a specific period. Thinking about private
tombs of the New Kingdom, most people will
think about the Theban rock cut chapels often
nicely decorated with paintings and sometimes
with reliefs. These chapels and the tombs
under them reveal a small part of Egyptian
society. They belong to the highest court
officials in the one century from Hatshepsut
to Amenhotep III. People in other parts of the
country and of different income were buried
in different types of tombs. Only in about the
last twenty years have we become fully aware
that there was in Memphis a cemetery of the
New Kingdom with many impressive tombs
belonging to the state officials from the
fo l l ow i n g c e n t u r y, t h e t i m e o f a b o u t
Tutankhamun to Ramses II in the Nineteenth
Dynasty. These tombs are of ten poorly
preserved.
Traveling South, the visitor must have
passed several more towns with major temples
and palaces, such as Bubastis or Tell elYahudiya. At Heliopolis, there was a further
One example is the tomb of the ‘overseer of
craftsmen of the Lord of the Two Countries’,
Kyiri. His chapel and its decoration may be
presented as one example for a Memphite tomb
chapel of t he late Eighteent h or early
Man at scale (© Grajetzki)
23
and to gain an idea of a typical Memphite tomb
chapel of the New Kingdom.
Not much can be said about the architecture
of this specific chapel. The chapels at Memphis
were most often built along the same line, so
that some general statements are possible.
Nevertheless, each tomb had its own solution
for certain problems, so that we will never be
sure about the plan of the tomb in detail.
Each of the chapels had a main, inner room.
This was the place where the funerary rites
for the tomb owner were performed. Many
chapels at Saqqara had even three inner rooms
placed side by side and for certain reasons it
can be assumed that the tomb of Kyiri also had
three rooms at the back. In front of them there
must have been a cour tyard, as can be
reconstructed from pillars with the name of
Kyiri and from the blocks found. Whether the
tomb had a second courtyard, as many bigger
tombs, might be doubted. Kyiri did not belong
to the highest officials at the royal court;
although he was certainly an important person,
he did not belong to the absolute top. His
chapel was therefore probably relatively
modest in size.
Scene showing magazines, in the middle there are arrows,
at the bottom there is a chariot (© Grajetzki)
Nineteenth Dynasty, around 1300 BC. The tomb
of Kyiri must have been already destroyed in
ancient times. All its known decorated blocks
were found built into the monastery of St Apa
Jeremias. Many of the blocks found belong to
the lowest level of the chapel indicating that
it had been enough already in Late Antiquity
found extensively destroyed, the upper blocks
removed much earlier. However, enough
decorated blocks were found reused in the
monastery enable us to reconstruct some walls
Detail of the funerary procession of Kyiri: the coffin and behind it the vizier as guest of the procession (© Grajetzki)
24
In the courtyard there must have been shafts
leading down to the burial chambers. Here
were placed the coffins or sarcophagi of Kyiri
and his wife and perhaps of other, household
or family members buried there. Nothing
survived from the burial equipment and the
shaft, which is perhaps still lying buried in the
sand at Saqqara. It also remains unknown
whether Kyiri’s chapel had a small pyramid as
did many other New Kingdom tombs at
Saqqara.
From the decoration, it can be said that the
best preserved walls of the chapel of Kyiri seem
to belong to the small courtyard. On one of
the long sides were found scenes relating to
the office of Kyiri, on the other side there were
scenes relating to his funeral. This arrangement
with daily life on the one side and the passage
to eternity on the other side is often found in
other Memphite tombs in the period of
Tutankhamun to about Ramses II.
On the wall relating to the office of Kyriri,
he is sitting on the left together with his wife
Iyemia. In front of him a son is making a ‘royal
offering to the Osiris Kyiri’. The other part of
the wall is occupied by scenes of workshops.
On the left Kyiri is shown sitting again in front
of a magazine building, where chariots, arrows
and a scale amour shirt are shown. These are
certainly products of Kyiri’s workshop. From
other texts we know that Memphis was an
important industrial place. The main deity of
Memphis was Ptah, the god of crafts and arts.
Therefore, the titles of Kyiri and his tomb in
the Memphite region do not come as surprise.
Plan of the tomb (reconstructed), the dark black wall are
at least partly preserved (© Grajetzki)
The other side of the courtyard presents the
funerary procession of Kyiri. On the left is the
coffin of Kyiri, in a shrine, placed on a boat
with wheels, drawn by cattle. Behind the boat,
there are the guests of the procession visible.
Kyiri was certainly an important person of his
day and therefore influential people joined
the procession; most importantly, the first
person appearing there is the vizier, the prime
minister of Egypt. Two viziers governed Egypt
in the New Kingdom and one of them had his
office in Memphis. In front of the procession
female mourners are standing and three men
carrying boxes, perhaps part of the burial
equipment. At the right end a ritual called
‘breaking the read pots’ is depicted.
On the right side of the wall, the workshop
itself was depicted. There is a man shown at a
scale and craftsmen working in two registers.
We see an oven for metal-working and perhaps
carpenters producing furniture. In three lower
registers are men bringing all these products
to Kyiri. They carry chariots and smaller
objects. From his titles it is certain that Kyiri
was in charge of the armour production,
especially for chariots. He was ‘overseer of the
craftsmen for chariots’, but also ‘overseer of
the craftsmen of armour production’ and
simply ‘overseer of craftsmen’. From the
depictions in the tomb it seems certain that
most of these items were produce in one
workshop. Chariots and furniture were
perhaps made by the same people in a
specialized combination of metal wood.
Several other scenes in the tomb show Kyiri
with his wife. In one of them a monkey is
playing under the chair of his wife. In another
scene Kyiri is shown in adoration, in front of
the four children of Horus. In another priests
and female mourners are depicted in front of
his mummy or he and his wife are kneeling in
front of the tree goddess who is pouring water
into their mouths.
The small courtyard in the middle of the
tomb chapel was adorned with at least two,
25
The remaining blocks of the funerary procession; most likely once from the south wall of the courtyard (from Quibell)
but more likely with four pillars. On these
Kyiri is shown holding a djed-pillar. This is a
typical scene known from New Kingdom pillars
i n t h e M e mp h i te r e g i o n . O n e o f t h e
inscriptions on the pillars seems to identify it
with Sokar-Osiris, one of the most important
deities of the Memphite cemeteries, although
the further text on the pillar of Kyiri refers to
Tawer, the province of Abydos in the South.
chapel. In Thebes, and in at many places in
Upper Egypt in general there was a statue of
the tomb owner, showing him and perhaps
also his wife and mother. In Memphis, there
were also many statues placed into the tomb
chapel, but in the main chapel, there was a
stela, showing the tomb owner and his family.
Indeed there was found a fragment of a stela
with the name of Kyiri, most likely belonging
to the main chapel.
Altogether, the architecture of the tombs is
different from the tombs at Thebes. In Thebes,
there were rock cut chapels, in Memphis, there
were chapels built of blocks above ground with
the burial chamber below ground. Beside the
architecture in general there are other
differences between Theban and Memphite
tombs. One of them is the innermost cult
The tomb chapel of Kyiri is only preserved
in loose blocks. From other chapels often, just
single fragments are known, and any
reconstruction seems impossible for them.
Other chapels have been found in excavations,
including the famous tomb of the general and
later king Haremhab. While the Old Kingdom
is a well known chapter for the history of
Saqqara, the research on the New Kingdom
has just begun. It is cer tain that future
discoveries at Saqqara, and also in museums
will reveal a little known part of New Kingdom
history and art.
Further reading
G. T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of
Memphis, London 1991 (still the best overview
on the New Kingdom tombs at Saqqara)
J. E. Quibell, Excavations at Saqqara (19089, 1909-10), Cairo 1912 (the publication of the
blocks, see pl. LXV-LXXX)
Discussions of the tomb:
A. Horold, Ein Puzzle mit zehn Teilen–
Waffenkammer und Werkstatt aus dem Grab
des Ky-jrj in Saqqara, in: Es wurde niedergelegt
ein Schriftstück, edited by N. Kloth, K. Martin,
E. Pardey, Hamburg 2003, 193-202
W. Grajetzki, Das Grab des Kii-iri in Saqqara,
Jaarbericht, Ex Oriente Lux 37 (2001-2002),
2003, 111-125
Three views of one of the pillars (from Quibell)
26
Fl o r a
of
Eg y p t
Lo u t f y Bo u l o s
Volume One (Azollaceae - Oxalidaceae)
Important families: Azollaceae , Leguminosae, Cruciferae,
Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Oxalidaceae..
Pages: i-xvi, 419, with 544 line drawings in 67 plates, 94 colour photographs, and index to scientific names.
Date of publication: February 1999
ISBN: 977-5429-14-5
Volume Two (Geraniaceae - Boraginaceae)
Important families: Geraniaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Malvaceae, Umbelliferae, Asclepiadaceae, Convolvulaceae, Boraginaceae..
Pages: i-xvi, 352, with 409 line drawings in 71 plates, 94 colour photographs, and index to scientific names.
Date of publication: November 2000
ISBN: 977-5429-22-6
Volume Three (Verbenaceae - Compositae)
Important families: Compositae, Verbenaceae, Labiatae, Solanaceae, Acanthaceae, Plantaginaceae,
Scrophulariaceae..
Pages: i-xvi, 373, with 384 line drawings in 77 plates, 128 colour photographs, and index to scientific names.
Date of Publication: December 2002
ISBN: 977-5429-25-0
Volume Four Monocotyledons (Alismataceae - Orchidaceae)
Important families: Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Alliaceae, Najadaceae,
Potamogetonaceae, Iridaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Lemnaceae, Palmae, Orchidaceae
Pages: i-xvi, 617, with 404 line drawing in 130 plates, 159 colour photographs, key to major divisions and
to families, Vernacular-Latin / Latin-Vernacular names, glossary of botanical terms, and cumulative index
to genera and families.
Date of Publication: August 2005
ISBN: 977-5429-41-2
Orders to: Al-Hadara Publishing
7 Abou El-Seoud Street, Dokki 12311, Cairo, Egypt.
Fax: (20-2) 3760 58 98 - Mobile: (20-12) 316 48 67
E-mail: ask@alhadara.com - E-mail: hadara@idsc.net.eg
www.alhadara.com
92
ǰBMUϮOW).
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®Jq ¸Ær (9)
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2- ¢JU±q «∞AU¸Ÿ «∞∑πU¸Í °U_ßu«‚
«∞AU¸Ÿ Ë«Æ∑Bd‹ «∞ºu¥IW ´Mb ±bîq «∞AU¸Ÿ (®Jq 9) .
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®Jq ¸Ær (8)
«∞∫U∞v.
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82
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Ë«∞ªAV Ë«∞∫b¥b Ë«∞dÅU’ Ë«∞Fºq ˱U √®∂W
ô ¥ªAv ´KONU ±s «∞∑Kn ±∏q «∞BU°uÊ
±∫∑u¥U‹ «_≥d«¡ ±s «∞∫∂u» Ë«∞Gö‰ °QîdÈ
¥LJs °OFNU ≠∑∑Kn ≠w «∞LªU“Ê, ≠Uß∑∂b∞X
≥πd¥W √Ê «∞GKW ¸°LU ¥Iq ßFd≥U Ë°U∞∑U∞v ô
72
¥F∑∂d ÆBd °s ØKf ≥u √ˉ œ«¸ ∞Ku“«¸… °U∞IU≥d…, √≤AQ≥U «∞u“¥d
®Jq ¸Ær (6)
«∞ªKOHW Ë«∞u“¸«¡ ´Kv ¢Ju¥s «_ßu«‚
> √£d ±EU≥d «_°NW Ë«≤∑IU‰ «∞LM∑πU‹ ≈∞v ÆBu¸
Ë«_ßu«‚
3-«∞Fu«±q «∞∑w √£d‹ ≠w ¢Ju¥s «∞∫dØW «∞∑πU¸¥W
«∞πu«≤OW ¢Iu °∑ªe¥s «∞LM∑πU‹ •OY √≤NU îUÅW °U∞ªKOHW .
°q ¥I∑Bd ´Kv «∞MAU◊ «∞LNMv «∞ºJMv, ËØU≤X îe«zs «∞IBd
Ë∞r ¥Js °NU «È ≤AU◊ ¢πU¸È ¥ºL` °U∞Fd÷ √Ë «∞∂Ol √Ë «∞Ad«¡
Ë≥v ≤uŸ ±s «∞b˸ «∞∑∂FW ∞KªKOHW √Ë ∞Ku“¥d ËË™OH∑NU «∞∑BMOl,
> «∞b˸ «∞ºJMOW «∞∫d≠OW
«∞J∂Od ∞NcÁ «∞LMUß∂U‹ (®Jq 1).
ËîBBX ¸•∂W ÆBd «∞Au„ ˸•∂W «∞FOb ®d‚ «∞IBd «∞AdÆv
±∫∑u¥U¢NU ØN∂U‹ ≠w «_´OUœ Ë«∞LMUß∂U‹ ´s ©d¥o œ«¸ «∞HDd…,
¥MAQ ´MNU √ßu«‚ •OY «Æ∑Bd «ß∑FLU∞NU ´Kv «∞ªKOHW •OY ¥Hd‚
Ë≥v îe«zs îUÅW °U∞ªKOHW ËË™OH∑NU «∞∑BMOl Ë«∞∑ªe¥s, Ë∞r
> îe«zs «∞IBd «∞πu«≤OW
°∑Ib¥d «_£LUÊ °NU.
∞K∫∂u» Ë«∞Gö‰ °Lb¥MW «∞IU≥d… Ë«≤Hdœ «∞IUzb §u≥d
Ë¢F∑∂d «_≥d«¡ «∞ºKDU≤OW ≥w √ˉ ßu‚ §LKW
°b«îq «∞IU≥d… (®Jq 7).
«∞IU≥d… ≠w ¢ªe¥s «∞∫∂u» Ë«∞Gö‰ √±U «_≥d«¡ ≠JU≤X ¢Iu °U∞∑u“¥l
«∞πLU∞v √Å∂∫u« °b«îq «∞IU≥d…, ËØUÊ ¥F∑Lb ´Kv «∞AuÊ °EU≥d
®Jq ¸Ær (5)
Ø∂Od… ±∑ªBBW ≠w ≤u´OW «∞ºKFW «∞∑w ¢∫∑uÈ ´KONU ¢Kp «∞ªe«zs
îe«zs Ø∂Od…, Ë≤∑OπW ∞K∫dØW °IB∂W «∞IU≥d… √Ê ¢Ju≤X √ßu«‚
Ëîe«zs «∞IBd «∞∂d«≤OW ≥w îe«zs ´U±W «∞AFV, ËØU≤X °L∏U°W
≠w ¢Ju¥s «_ßu«‚
> ¢Q£Od «≤∑IU‰ «∞LM∑πU‹ ≈∞v îe«zs «∞IBd «∞∂d«≤OW
®LU‰ «∞IBd «∞AdÆv «∞J∂Od, Ë´Mb ¸•∂W «∞BOU¸·.
«_ßu«‚ °LOb«Ê °Os «∞IBd¥s, (®Jq 6), Ë°b«zd ¸•∂W «∞LM∫d
îd˧t ±s «∞IBd ´Kv ¢Ju¥s «_ßu«‚ «∞LRÆ∑W, Ë¢dØe‹ ≥cÁ
ØLU ™Nd ¢Q£Od ±EU≥d «_°NW Ë«∞πö‰ ∞KªKOHW ≠w ±ºU¸«‹
Ëîe«zMt «∞πu«≤OW.
±ºU¸ «∞∫dØW «∞∑πU¸¥W «∞b«îKOW °Os ÆBd «∞b¥∂Uà ˫∞IBd «∞AdÆv
- Ë¥Il ≥c« «∞ºu‚ ´Kv ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… ≠w ±MDIW ±∑ußDW Ë´Kv
«∞ºd«§OOs °πu«¸ §U±l ±∫Lb «_≤u¸ «∞HJNU≤v - Ë≥u §U±l ±FKo
Ë≤∑OπW ∞K∫dØW °Os œ«¸ «∞b¥∂Uà ËÆBu¸ «∞ªKHU¡ ¢u«§b ßu‚
«∞J∂Od ≤Ed«Î _¢ºU´NU ≠w ≤NU¥W «∞bË∞W «∞HU©LOW.
«∞u“¥d Ë´d≠X °ºu¥IW œ«¸ «∞b¥∂UÃ, (®Jq 5), £r ´d≠X °U∞ºu‚
¢πU¸¥W ¢∫Oj °U∞IBd ±Ju≤W √ˉ ßu¥IW °U∞IU≥d… Ë≥v ßu¥IW
îb±U‹ ©∂OW ∞K∫d≠OOs «∞FU±KOs ≠w Åu¸… ±º∑AHv Ëîb±U‹
«∞u“¥d ±∏Uô ¬îd ∞Kb˸ «∞ºJMv «∞∫d≠v, ≠∂b«îq «∞IBd √ÆOLX
≤º∂W ≈∞v «∞b¥∂Uà «∞cÈ ØUÊ ¥FLq °IBu¸ «∞ªKHU¡ - Ë¥F∑∂d ÆBd
´U 563 ≥πd¥W, ËßLOX °Fb «≤IDUŸ ≤º∂NU ≈∞Ot °b«¸ «∞b¥∂Uà -
62
Ë≤ö•k ≠w ±b¥MW «∞IU≥d… «∞HU©LOW √Ê «∞πU±l ∞r ¥Fb ¥∫∑q
®Jq ¸Ær (4) ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… «∞HU©LOW «∞πMu°OW
´Mb «∞Bö….
•OY «¢ºU´NU, ËØUÊ «∞Gd÷ ±MNU ≥u ¢d§q «∞FºUØd °NU ËËÆu≠Nr
ÅGOd… ≤º∂OUÎ Ë≥v ¸•∂W Ædœ¥W Ë≥v ô ¢IU¸Ê °d•∂W «_“≥d ±s
Ë«ßFW Ë∞JMNU ∞r ¢Js ≤∑OπW ¢IU°q «∞AU¸´Os, °q ¢Ju≤X ¸•∂W
«î∑j §u≥d ®U¸´UÎ ´d{OUÎ ±U¸«Î °U∞πU±l «_“≥d ±Ju≤UÎ ¸•∂W
> ¸•∂W «_“≥d
≠w ™Nu¸ ´b… ´MUÅd ≥w:
ØUÊ ±s ≤∑UzZ «∞FöÆW °Os «∞IU≥d… Ë√ßu«‚ «∞HºDU◊ √Ê √£Ld‹
«∞HºDU◊
2-´öÆW ¢ªDOj «∞IU≥d… ËÆX ≈≤AU¡≥U °Qßu«‚
«∞úœ«¸¥W Ë«∞∑πU¸¥W.
ÆB∂W ¢πU¸¥W ô¢BU∞NU «∞L∂U®d •dØOUÎ ±l «∞b˸
´KONU ßuÈ √°u«» «∞∫U¸«‹ √Ë «∞ªDj, ËÆb «´∑∂d‹
±ºUØMNr, Ë√Ê ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… «∞ºHKv ØU≤X ô ¥H∑`
Ë≠v ¢Ju¥s «∞ªDj Ë«_“ÆW Ë«∞b¸Ë» «∞∑w ¢RœÈ «∞v
«∞MºOZ «∞FLd«≤v îUÅUÎ ≠w ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… «∞ºHKv,
°LuÆl «∞IU≥d… ØUÊ ´U±öÎ ≠w ¢∫b¥b ±MU©o √Ë •bËœ
®Jq ¸Ær (3) ±MUßOV «∞LMU©o «∞LDKW ´Kv «∞IB∂W
±öÅIW ∞∂U» “Ë¥KW §Mu°UÎ Ë°Fb «¢ºUŸ ßu¸ «∞IU≥d… ≠w ´Nb °b¸
˱IAd… «∞IL` ±öÅIW ∞πU±l «∞∫UØr ®LUôÎ Ë«_≥d«¡ «∞ºKDU≤OW
ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… ±s «∞πN∑Os «∞ALU∞OW Ë«∞I∂KOW, ≠∑Ju≤X √≥d«¡ «∞Gö‰
«∞FBd «∞HU©Lv ËËÆl «î∑OU¸ ±uÆFNU °EU≥d «∞IU≥d… ´Kv «±∑b«œ
˧U¡ °MU¡ «_≥d«¡ («∞LªU“Ê) ´U 563 ≥πd¥W √È ≠w °b«¥W
¢ªeÊ ≠w «∞AuÊ °EU≥d≥U «∞ALU∞v.
¢ªeÊ ≠w «∞AuÊ °EU≥d «∞IU≥d… «∞I∂Kv, Ë«∞v ßU•q «∞LIf ËØU≤X
ËØU≤X ¢Q≤v «∞Ld«ØV °QÅMU· «∞Gö‰ ≈∞v ßU•q ±Bd ËØU≤X
«≤∑U°∑NU, ≠Q≤AQ §u≥d ´b… ±ªU“Ê ∞K∫∂u» Ë«≤Hdœ °∑Ib¥d £LMNU.
∞LBd («∞HºDU◊) ≠FLq ´Kv ¢ªHOn Ë©Q… «∞I∫j Ë«∞LπU´W «∞∑w
ØU≤X «∞e¸«´W ≥w √Ë∞v «∞LAUØq «∞∑w §U°NX §u≥d ´Mb ≠∑∫W
> «_≥d«¡ «∞ºKDU≤OW " √ˉ ßu‚ §LKW "
«∞IBd¥s.
ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… Ë´Kv «±∑b«œ «∞LdØe «ùœ«¸È Æ∂Kv ±Ob«Ê °Os
«ùœ«¸¥W ´Kv «±∑b«œ ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… √Ê ¢u«§b ßu‚ «∞BOU¸· ´Kv
«∞LFu≤W ËœØW «∞∫º∂W Ëœ«¸ «∞FOU¸, Ë≤∑OπW ¢u«§b ≥cÁ «∞L∂U≤v
«∞IU≥d…, ËØUÊ «∞LdØe «ùœ«¸È ¥∑JuÊ ±s °Fi «∞b˸ ±∏q •∂f
∞c∞p ¢JuÊ «∞LdØe «ùœ«¸È Æ∂Kv «∞IBd¥s ˱L∑b«Î ´Kv ÆB∂W
Ë√¢∂U´t, ≠Qî∑j §u≥d «∞AU¸Ÿ «∞Fd{v °FOb«Î ´s «∞IBd Ë≤∑OπW
ØUÊ ¢ªDOj «∞IU≥d… ËÆBu¸≥U ÆUÅd«Î ´Kv «∞∫UØr Ë√´u«≤t
> «∞LdØe «ùœ«¸È
«∞AU¸Ÿ «∞Du∞v ∞r ¢∑JuÊ °d•∂∑t √Ë °U∞Id» ±Mt «_ßu«‚.
±JU≤UÎ £U≤u¥UÎ, Ë–∞p ù°d«“ √≥LOW ÆBu¸ «∞ªö≠W, Ë≤∑OπW °FbÁ ´s
±uÆFUÎ ËßDU ≠w «∞∑ªDOj, °q ¢M∫v °MHºt ≠w ÆU≥d… «∞HU©LOOs
25
24
32
˸•U» Ød•∂W «_“≥d ˸•∂W Ædœ¥W, Ë¥ENd «∞MºOZ «∞FLd«≤v ∞c∞p
∞KM∫d Ë´dË÷ «∞πOu‘ Ë«ô•∑HUô‹ ˱OUœ¥s ØLOb«Ê °Os «∞IBd¥s
˧U¡ «ß∑Gö∞NU ±özLU ∞D∂OFW «_¸÷ «∞Lº∑u¥W ≠Q≤AμX غU•U‹
±ª∑KHW «ô¸¢HUŸ Ë«ô≤ªHU÷ Ë∞JMNU ±º∑u¥W ¢Id¥∂UÎ ´Kv «∞πU≤∂Os,
˱s îö∞NU ≤dÈ √Ê «∞πe¡ «∞ALU∞v §U¡‹ ±MUßOV «∞Au«¸Ÿ °t
Ë¥u{` (®Jq 3, 4) ¢Bu¸ ∞LMUßOV «∞IB∂W Ë«∞AU¸Ÿ «∞Fd{v,
ØUÊ ∞∑CU¸¥f ±uÆl «∞IU≥d… «£d Ø∂Od ≠w ¢u“¥l «∞FMUÅd °NU,
> ¢CU¸¥f ±uÆl «∞IU≥d…
«∞HºDU◊.
ØuÊ ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… ≥w «±∑b«œ «∞Dd¥o «∞L∫u¸Í «∞LL∑b ±s
Ë∞Ib √£d‹ ≥cÁ «∞∫bËœ ≠w ¢∫b¥b «¢πUÁ ≤Lu «∞IU≥d… ´öË… ´Kv
Ë≥v •bËœ «∞IU≥d… «∞AdÆOW "§∂q «∞LIDr" Ë«∞Gd°OW "≤Nd «∞MOq"
> «∞LFU∞r «∞D∂OFOW Ë«∞πGd«≠OW
¢QßOºNU
1-«∞Fu«±q «∞∑w √£d‹ ´Kv ¢ªDOj «∞IU≥d… ´Mb
±d«•q ¢QßOf «∞IU≥d… «∞HU©LOW •∑v ´UÂ 584 ≥πd¥W
«∞IU≥d… «∞HU©LOW.
«_ßu«‚ °NU, Ë√Å∂∫X ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… ≥w «∞AU¸Ÿ «∞∑πU¸Í ∞Lb¥MW
«∞IU≥d…, Ë¢ªKX ´s Øu≤NU ±b¥MW ÆUÅd… ´Kv «∞ªKHU¡, ≠∑JU±KX
•V «∞ENu¸, Ë«“œ«œ‹ «∞∫dØW «∞∑πU¸¥W ≠w ¢Kp «∞H∑d… °IB∂W
Æu¢Nr Ë¢CªLX £dË¢Nr, ≠Q´U≤Nr –∞p √Ê ¥FOAu« ±FOAW Æu«±NU
Ë√Å∂∫u« ©u«‰ ≥c« «∞FNb ¢∫X ≤Hu– «∞u“¸«¡ «∞c¥s «ß∑H∫KX
≠v «∞FNb «_îOd ±s √¥U «∞HU©LOOs {Fn ≤Hu– «∞ªKHU¡ Ø∏Od«Î
´U 954- 964 ≥πd¥W Ë«∞LFdË≠W °U∞Ab… «∞FELv.
(®Jq 2), Ë∞r ¥FJd √•u«‰ «∞IU≥d… ßuÈ «∞LπU´W «∞∑w «®∑b‹
Ë≥v ±d•KW ÆbË °b¸ «∞πLU∞v Ë°MUƒÁ ∞ºu¸ «∞IU≥d… «∞∏U≤w,
«∞Ld•KW «∞∏U∞∏W
´Kv ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… •OY ¥F∑∂d «∞Ad¥UÊ «∞LGcÈ ±s «∞HºDU◊.
≤∑OπW _£d «∞∫dØW «∞b«zLW ´Kv «∞Au«¸Ÿ √Ê ¢Ju≤X °Fi «_ßu«‚
«∞Ld•KW «∞∏U≤OW
«∞LMDIW «∞LdØe¥W ∞KLbÊ «∞Fd°OW «∞Ib¥LW.
¢ªDOj «∞IU≥d… ¸¨r √≤NU ØU≤X œ«zLU ±s √≥r ´MUÅd ¢ªDOj
≠w –∞p «∞uÆX, Ë°U∞∑U∞w ∞r ¢∑u«§b «∞IOºU¸¥W ØFMBd ´Mb °b¡
Ë•U®O∑t, £r «´∑Lb‹ «∞IU≥d… ´Kv √ßu«‚ «∞HºDU◊ «∞Leœ≥d…
(®Jq 1), ËØUÊ «∞Gd÷ ±s ≈≤AUzNU √Ê ¢JuÊ ±Id«Î ∞ºJMv «∞ªKOHW
Ë≥v ±d•KW ¢QßOf «∞bË∞W «∞HU©LOW (853 ≥πd¥W),
«∞Ld•KW «_Ë∞v
˱∫IIUÎ ∞LDU∞V «∞ªKOHW Ë™Nd –∞p ≠w £ö£W ±d«•q:
§U¡ «∞∑ªDOj «∞FU ∞KIU≥d… ±∑Q£d«Î °∑ªDOj «∞LbÊ «_≤b∞ºOW
Ë°c∞p ¥LJs √Ê ≤º∑ªKh √Ê ¢∂U¥s ≠d‚ «∞LMUßOV
«∞ªU¸§v ∞OöÎ ¢Fc¸ œîu∞NU ËßNq «∞b≠UŸ ´MNU ≈–« ≥u§LX.
±IHKW, ËØUÊ ô ¥bîq «∞∫U¸«‹ ≈ô ßJU≤NU ≠Ij •∑v ≈–« ÆHq °U°NU
√Ê √°u«» «∞LMU“‰ ØU≤X ¢H∑` ´Kv «∞∫U¸«‹ Ë«_“ÆW «∞b«îKOW ˨U∞∂O∑NU
«∞Lbîq ≥u «∞FöÆW «∞L∂U®d… «∞∑w ¢d°j «∞IB∂W °U∞ªDj, •OY
ËØUÊ ∞Jq •U¸… ±s «∞∫U¸«‹ ±bîq √Ë ±bîöÊ ´Kv «_Ø∏d Ë≥c«
«∞FdË÷ °q ØU≤X ¢COo Ë¢∑ºl Ë¢MJºd °Os •Os ˬîd ".
Ë–Ød≥U «∞LId¥eÈ ≠w îDDt " Ë∞r ¢Js ´Kv ≤ºo Ë«•b ±s ≤U•OW
±U °Os 4- 5 √±∑U¸ Ë°Os 1.5- 3 √±∑U¸ °U∞Mº∂W ∞Kb¸Ë» Ë«∞∫U¸«‹,
©d¥o ´d{v ±∑HdŸ ±s ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d…, ËØUÊ ¥∑d«ËÕ ´d÷ «∞Dd¥o
¢F∑∂d «∞ªDW °L∏U°W •v ßJMv √Ë ±πLu´W ßJMOW ¢H∑` ´Kv
«∞FLd«≤v
> ¢Q£Od «∞MEU «ô§∑LU´v ´Kv ¢ªDOj «∞MºOZ
«∞d•U», ≠U“œ«œ‹ «∞∫dØW °IB∂W «∞IU≥d….
«∞u«ßFW, Ë≤∑Z ´s –∞p √Ê «“œ«œ‹ «∞∫dØW ≠w «∞AU¸Ÿ ´MNU ≠w
«∞Au«¸Ÿ ù™ö‰ √Ø∂d ±ºU•W ±LJMW Ë–∞p °LIU¸≤∑NU °U∞d•U»
îDj «∞Lb¥MW, ËØU≤X ∞KFu«±q «∞LMUîOW √£d Ø∂Od ≠w ÆKW ´dË÷
«∞L∂U≤v «∞ºJMOW ´Kv ®Jq Ø∑q ±∑d«ÅW ˱∑ö•LW «≠IOUÎ ±Ju≤W
«∞LºD∫U‹ «∞LJAu≠W ßu«¡ ØU≤X ®u«¸Ÿ √Ë √≠MOW œ«îKOW, Ë¢πLFX
§U¡‹ ≤º∂W Ø∑KW «∞L∂U≤v ≠w «∞LºIj «_≠Iv «∞FU √Ø∂d ±s
∞ªDj ±b¥MW «∞IU≥d…
> ¢Q£Od «∞Fu«±q «∞LMUîOW ´Kv ¢Ju¥s «∞MºOZ «∞FLd«≤v
±πLu´W •u«≤OX §U±l «∞BU∞` ©özl.
≠d‚ «∞LMºu» ¥FUœ‰ ¢Id¥∂UÎ «¸¢HUŸ «∞b˸ «_¸{v «∞cÈ ¢AGKt
«∞LFKo Ë«¥CUÎ ±l •u«≤OX §U±l «∞BU∞` «∞Dözl «∞LFKo, •OY √Ê
•u«≤OX «∞∫b «∞AdÆv ±l «∞∫u«≤OX «∞∑w °QßHq §U±l «∞EU≠d
°OMLU ¢d¢Hl ±b«îq «∞∫U¸«‹ «∞LRœ¥W ≈∞v «∞J∑q «∞ºJMOW, Ë¢∑b«îq
∞Hd‚ «∞LMºu» ≠OENd «∞AU¸Ÿ ±º∑uÈ «∞LMºu» ´Kv «∞πU≤∂Os,
«∞πU≤V «∞AdÆv «∞cÈ ¢Ju≤X °t ±πLu´W ±s «∞∫u«≤OX ØUß∑Gö‰
«∞AdÆv Ë«∞Gd°v ≠OLU °Fb ≠w «∞ªb±U‹ «∞∑πU¸¥W Ë«_ßu«‚ îUÅUÎ
∞D∂OFW «_¸÷ «∞L∑Fd§W, ≠πU¡ «ß∑Gö∞t ØAU¸Ÿ Ë«ß∑Gq «∞∫b
Ë∞Ib «ß∑Gq «∞πe¡ «∞πMu°v ±s ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d… «ß∑GöôÎ ±özLUÎ
•u«∞v 3.5 Â.
Ë°c∞p ¥JuÊ ≠d‚ «¸¢HUŸ «∞∫b «∞AdÆv ´s «∞Gd°v ´Mb °U» “Ë¥KW
“Ë¥KW °∫u«∞v 2.5 Â, °OMLU ¥MªHi «∞∫b «∞Gd°v •u«∞v 1.0 Â,
«∞AU¸Ÿ ®∂t ±º∑u¥UÎ ´Mb «∞IBd¥s Ë¥d¢Hl «∞∫b «∞AdÆv •∑v °U»
§Mu°U Ë¥ª∑Kn •bÈ «∞AU¸Ÿ ±s •OY «ô¸¢HUŸ Ë«ô≤ªHU÷, ≠O∂b√
®LUôÎ («∞πe¡ «∞πMu°v ±s «∞IBd «∞AdÆv) Ë¥L∑b •∑v °U» “Ë¥KW
√±U «∞πe¡ «∞πMu°v ≠OF∑∂d ¨Od ±º∑uÈ Ë¥∂b√ ±s ¸•∂W «∞BOU¸·
«∞πe¡ ØLπLu´W ±s «∞J∑q ¢K∑n •u‰ –∞p «∞πe¡ ±s ÆB∂W «∞IU≥d….
±b¸” - ØKOW «∞HMuÊ «∞πLOKW - §U±FW •Ku«Ê
œ. ±∫Lb °NU¡ «∞b¥s ±∫Lb §LU‰ «∞b¥s
´öÆW «∞∫dØW «∞∑πU¸¥W °U∞∫Oe «∞FLd«≤w ≠w «∞IU≥d… «∞HU©LOW
22
°Q´Lb… ±∏q ±F∂b «_ßd… «∞∏U±MW ´Ad °Lb¥MW ≥U°u ˱F∂b ´Lb«
«∞ºUzb ≠v ±FU°b «_ÆBd Ë«∞Jd≤p ™Nd‹ √±∏KW ∞KLF∂b «∞L∫U◊
∞KFLU¸… «∞b¥MOW Ë¢Fbœ‹ √≤LU◊ «∞LFU°b, ≠∂Uô{U≠W ≈∞v «∞MLj
«∞ALf. Ë¥F∑∂d ´Nb «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W √¨Mv «∞FNuœ °U_±∏KW «∞∂UÆOW
«∞πNU‹ «_¸°l «_ÅKOW, ËØUÊ «∞L∫u¸ «∞dzOºv ∞KLF∂b ¥d±e ∞LπdÈ
√ßD` «∞πb¸«Ê. ØUÊ «∞LF∂b ¥F∑∂d ØU∞ºLU¡ ∞t √¸°FW √¸ØUÊ ¥IU°KNU
«∞πGd«≠v ∞LBd, ËØUÊ ≥c« «∞∑IºOr ¥∑∫Jr ≠v ¢u“¥l «∞LMU™d ´Kv
±∫u¸ «∞LF∂b ¥IºLt ≈∞v ƺLOs ®LU‰ ˧Mu», Ë≥u ≤Hf «∞∑IºOr
ËÆb ∞FV «∞∑u§Ot «∞πGd«≠v œË¸« ≥U±U ≠v ´LU¸… «∞LF∂b, ≠JUÊ
Ë«∞Gd°v, ØLU ØUÊ «∞HMU¡ Ë√•OU≤U °Nu «_´Lb… ¥KI∂U °I∂W «∞ºLU¡.
ØU≤X «∞MBu’ «∞LBd¥W ¢A∂t «∞BdÕ °π∂Kv «_≠o «∞AdÆv
˸˫≠b «∞MNd.
ËØUÊ ¥d±e ≈∞ONU °LU ¥ºLv ®ªu’ «_ÆU∞Or «∞∑v ¢L∏q «∞COUŸ
•u«zj «∞∂Nu °Jq ±U ØU≤X ¢∫∑u¥t √¸÷ ±Bd ±s •Iu‰ ËÆMu«‹
¢d±e ≈∞v «∞M∂U¢U‹ «∞∑v ¢MLu °NU Øc∞p “¥MX «_§e«¡ «∞ºHKOW ±s
°dßu ≠KJOW ØUÊ °Nu «_´Lb… ¥d±e ≈∞v «_•d«‘, ËØU≤X «_´Lb…
«_“¸‚ Ë¢dÅl °U∞Mπu ∞Jv ¢d±e ≈∞v ßLU¡ ±Bd, Ë√•OU≤U ¢e¥s
Ë≈≤LU ØUÊ √¥CU ±BGd« ∞KJuÊ ≠JU≤X √ßIn «∞LF∂b ¢KuÊ °U∞KuÊ
œË¸« Ø∂Od« ≠v ´LU¸… «∞LF∂b «∞LBdÈ, ≠Kr ¥Js ±πdœ °O∑U ∞x∞NW
´Nb "¸±ºOf «∞∏U≤v" ®UŸ √ßKu» «∞MIg «∞GUzd. Ë∞Ib ∞F∂X «∞d±e¥W
¢MHc °QßKu» «∞MIg «∞∂U¸“ •∑v ´Nb "ßO∑v «_ˉ" Ë«°∑b«¡ ±s
«∞b«îKOW ¢L∏q «∞AFUzd «∞b¥MOW «∞∑v ØU≤X ¢πdÈ °NU, ËØU≤X «∞LMU™d
«∞LKp ±Rßf «∞LF∂b, °OMLU ØU≤X «∞LMU™d «∞∑v ´Kv §b¸«Ê «∞IU´U‹
«∞∑v ØU≤X ¢∑r °NU °Uô{U≠W ≈∞v °Fi ±MU™d «ô•∑HUô‹ °U≤∑BU¸«‹
«_ßIn «∞b«îKOW ∞∫u«zj «_≠MOW ¢∫KONU ±MU™d ±u«ØV «_´OUœ
ØU≤X ≥MU„ ´öÆW °Os ±u{uŸ «∞LMEd ˱uÆFt ≠v «∞LF∂b. ≠JU≤X
«∞Lu{u´U‹ «∞Lª∑U¸… ∞KMIu‘ °u™OHW «∞FMBd «∞LFLU¸È, Øc∞p
ØU≤X «∞MIu‘ œ«îq «∞LFU°b ´Kv ÅKW Ë£OIW °U∞FLU¸…, ≠U¸¢∂DX
˸°LU ØUÊ –∞p ô{HU¡ §u ±s «∞GLu÷ Ë«∞d≥∂W ´Kv «∞LF∂b.
Æb” «_Æb«” ±l «≤ªHU÷ ¢b¸¥πv ≠v ±º∑uÈ √ßIn «∞IU´W
«¸¢HUŸ ¢b¸¥πv _¸{OW «∞FMUÅd ±s «∞ªU¸Ã ≈∞v «∞b«îq ≠v «¢πUÁ
«_Æb«” •OY «ô™ö «∞∑UÂ. Øc∞p ¥BU•V ≥c« «∞∑b¸Ã ≠v «ô{U¡…
«∞Ld¡ ≈∞v °Nu «_´Lb… ≠Oπb «ô{U¡… √Æq ≈∞v √Ê ¥Bq ≈∞v Æb”
«∞D∂OFOW, ≠JU≤X «_≠MOW ¥GLd≥U {u¡ «∞ALf «∞ºU©l £r ¥b∞n
«∞FKu¥W. ËÆb ¢LOe‹ ±FU°b «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W °U∞∑b¸Ã ≠v «ù{U¡…
"±F∂b «_ÆBd"
±∏KLU ≠v ´MO∂W Ë°u≥s.
¨d°v ©O∂W, Ë√≥r √±∏KW «∞∑∫BOMU‹ «∞FºJd¥W ¢u§b ≠v °öœ «∞Mu°W
"±d≤∂∑UÕ" °LMn ËÆBu¸ «∞d´U±ºW «∞LK∫IW °LFU°b≥r «∞πMU“¥W
«∞∏U∞Y" °LMDIW ¨d°v ©O∂W ˧Mu» ±b¥MW ≥U°u Øc∞p ÆBd
°b¥d «∞Lb¥MW. ˱s √≥r √±∏KW ÆBu¸ «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W ±MAQ… "«±M∫∑V
°NU ≥u «∞∂OX «∞LBdÈ «∞MLu–§v Ë≥MU„ Æd¥W «∞FLU‰ Ë«∞HMU≤Os
√≥r «_±∏KW ´Kv –∞p °Ou‹ ¢q «∞FLU¸≤W Ë«∞∑v ¥LJs «´∑∂U¸ «∞∂OX
Ë«∞∫b«zo Øc∞p √±∏KW ∞KFLU¸… «∞FºJd¥W ØU∞∫BuÊ Ë«∞IöŸ, ˱s
¢dØX ∞MU «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W √±∏KW Ø∏Od… ±s ´LU¸… «∞∂Ou‹ Ë«∞IBu¸
«ô•∑HUô‹. Ë°Uô{U≠W ≈∞v «∞FLU¸… «∞b¥MOW Ë«∞FLU¸… «∞πMU“¥W, ≠Ib
≈ÆU±W «∞LKp √£MU¡ “¥U¸¢t «∞IBOd… ∞KLF∂b ≠v ËÆX ≈≤AUzt Ë√£MU¡
«∞IBd «∞LKJv «∞LK∫o °Jq ±MNLU ˨U∞∂U ±U ØUÊ ∞Gd÷ ©Iºv √Ë
"¸±ºOf «∞∏U∞Y" °Lb¥MW ≥U°u, Ë√≥r ±U ¥LOe «∞L∏U∞Os «_îd¥s
≤πb ≠v ±F∂b "ßO∑v «_ˉ" °U∞Id≤W ˱F∂b «∞d±ºOu ˱F∂b
«∞πMU“¥W ∞úßd… «∞∑UßFW ´Ad ±l ±FU°b «ü∞NW °MHf «∞FNb ±∏KLU
´MUÅd≥U ±IBu¸… «∞IU¸» ËÆb” «_Æb«”, ËÆb ¢AU°NX «∞LFU°b
"¬±uÊ ¸Ÿ" «∞ªU’ °U∞LF∂b ±Mb±πU ±l «∞LKp «∞L∑u≠v, Ë√≥r
±∏KLU ≠v «∞d±ºOuÂ. √±U «∞LπLu´W «∞ußDv ≠Nv ±ªBBW ∞F∂Uœ…
°Uô{U≠W ≈∞v ÆU´W ∞F∂Uœ… Ë«∞bÁ, Ë√•OU≤U ¢∑ªc ®Jq ±F∂b ÅGOd
¥∑ußDt ±c°`, Ë«∞LπLu´W «∞πMu°OW ±ªBBW ∞F∂Uœ… «∞LKp «∞L∑u≠v
«∞ALU∞OW ±ªBBW ∞F∂Uœ… "¸Ÿ •u¸ ¬î∑v" Ë¢∑LOe °HMU¡ ±JAu·
(±MDIW «∞NOJq) ≈∞v £ö£W ±πLu´U‹ ±s «∞Gd·: «∞LπLu´W
´Ad °MHf «∞LMDIW ≠v ¢IºOr «∞πe¡ «∞ªU’ Ë«∞b«îKv ±MNU
«∞∂∫dÈ ¨d°v ©O∂W, Ë«¢HIX ±l «∞LFU°b «∞πMU“¥W ∞úßd… «∞∑UßFW
±Ld«‹ ÅU´b… (√•b˸) ±∏KLU ≠v ±F∂b «∞LKJW "•∑A∂ºu‹" °U∞b¥d
¢IºOr «∞πe¡ «_±U±v «∞FU ±MNU ≈∞v ®d≠U‹ ±∑b¸§W ¥d°j °OMNU
«î∑KHX «∞LFU°b «∞πMU“¥W ∞úßd… «∞∏U±MW ´Ad ≠v ©O∂W ≠v
√È ¸±e ±UœÈ ∞û∞t Ø∑L∏U‰ √Ë ±ºKW.
«∞cÈ ØUÊ √¥CU ´Kv ≥OμW ≠MU¡ ±JAu·, Ë¥ö•k îKu «∞LF∂b ±s
±u«zb Æd«°Os, ØLU ¢LOe‹ °Du‰ «∞LºU≠W °Os «∞Lbîq Ë«∞NOJq
Ë≥Jc« ¢LOe‹ ±FU°b √¢uÊ °J∏d… √≠MO∑NU «∞LJAu≠W ˱U ≠ONU ±s
©d¥o ´Kv ±∫u¸ «∞LF∂b ¥J∑MHt ´bœ Ø∂Od ±s ±u«zb «∞Id«°Os
Øq ≠MU¡ ˬîd ¥Iu ÅdÕ ±AU°t ∞BdÕ «∞Lbîq, Ë¥∑ußj «_≠MOW
±JAu≠U, Ë¥∑Q∞n ∞IU¡ √¢uÊ ±s ´b… √≠MOW «∞u«•b ¥Kv «üîd Ë°Os
°Ld˸ √®FW «∞ALf, ËØUÊ ¥Kv «∞BdÕ ¸Ë«ÆUÊ ¥J∑MHUÊ ±Ld«
°d§Ot îLf ßU¸¥U‹ ËØUÊ ´∑V ±bîq «∞BdÕ ±AIuÆU ∞OºL`
«_≠d«Õ ÅdÕ ±s «∞K∂s «∞LJºu °U∞∫πd «∞πOdÈ Ë≠v Ë«§Nt Øq ±s
Ë∞IU¡ "√¢uÊ" Ë«∞NOJq. Ë¢Il ØKNU ´Kv ±∫u¸ Ë«•b. ØUÊ ¥∑Ib °OX
√Ê «∞LF∂b «∞J∂Od ¥∑Q∞n ±s £ö£W √ƺU √©Ko ´KONU °OX «_≠d«Õ
«∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW. ˱s œ¸«ßW ±F∂b¥t «∞Kc¥s √ÆOLU °∑q «∞FLU¸≤W ¢∂Os
∞∑d«À «∞LFU°b «∞ALºOW ´Kv ¥b √îMU¢uÊ Ë√Ê «î∑KHX ´s √±∏KW
≠v «∞b´U¥W «∞ºOUßOW ∞KLKp. ØLU ®Nb ´Nb «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W √•OU¡
ØU≤X √ÆuÈ ±U ¢JuÊ ≠v –∞p «∞FNb, ´öË… ´Kv «ß∑ªb«Â «∞FLU¸…
(Ë«∞LKJW ≠v «∞LF∂b «∞BGOd) √Ê «∞BKW °Os ≠Mv «∞M∫X Ë«∞FLU¸…
Ë≠ONLU ¥∑C` ±s «∞u«§NU‹ «∞∑v ¢e¥MNU «∞∑LU£Oq «∞CªLW ∞KLKp
«ù©ö‚ ±F∂bÈ √°u ßL∂q «∞cÈ ®Ob≥LU "¸±ºOf «∞∏U≤v" °U∞Mu°W,
°U∞Mu°W Øc∞p ¢Fbœ‹ «_±∏KW ∞KLFU°b «∞Bªd¥W Ë√®Nd≥U ´Kv
12
(«_Ë“¥d¥W) Ë≥v ´∂U¸… ´s œ´U±W «≤AUzOW ±d°FW ¥º∑Mb ≈∞ONU ¢L∏U‰
≥OμW •e±W «∞∂dœÈ Ë«_ßDuÊ «∞Ku¢f ≠Ib ™Nd‹ «_´Lb…
Ë™Nu¸≥U ≠v «∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW. ≠∂Uù{U≠W ≈∞v «_ßDuÊ «∞cÈ ´Kv
§b¥b… ±s «∞b´U±U‹ Ë«_´Lb… °Uù{U≠W ∞ú≤u«Ÿ «∞ºU°o –Ød≥U
ÆU´U‹ ÅGOd…, ËÆb ¢LOe‹ ´LU¸… «∞bË∞W «∞ußDv °ENu¸ ©d“
√´Lb… ¢KONU ±IBu¸… ≠v «∞ußj ±H∑u•W ±s ©d≠ONU ¢J∑MHNU ´b…
˱Ob«±uœ ≠v ±ªDDNLU «∞cÈ ¥∑P∞n ±s ¸œ≥t ±º∑Fd{W °NU
´s ¬îd ≠v ´Nb "ßMußd‹ «∞∏U∞Y" °LOb«±uœ Ë¥∑AU°t ±F∂b« ©uœ
(©uœ) §Mu» «_ÆBd ´s ¬£U¸ ±F∂b ±s «∞bË∞W «∞ußDv, ØLU ØAn
≥cÁ «_´Lb… ßIHU ¥∑u§t «∞Ju¸≤Og «∞LBdÈ. ËÆb ¢r «∞JAn ≠v
±d¢HFW ±d°FW «∞AJq ¥Iu ´KONU ß∑W ´Ad ´Luœ« ±d°FU, Ë¢∫Lq
∞‡"ßMußd‹ «_ˉ" ËÆb √±Js ≈´Uœ… °MUzt, Ë¥∑JuÊ «∞L∂Mv ±s ÆU´b…
«∞BdÕ «∞∏U∞Y °LF∂b "¬±uÊ" ≠v «∞Jd≤p ´Kv √•πU¸ §ußo
±º∑Fd{W ¢RœÈ ≈∞v £ö£W ±IBu¸«‹ ±∑πU˸…. ËÆb ´∏d °b«îq
«üÊ ≥u ÅHW °NU «ßDu≤Os ´Kv ≥OμW •e±W «∞∂dœÈ, £r ¸œ≥t
¨d» «∞HOu ˥F∑Ib √≤t ØUÊ ¥∑Q∞n ±s ÅdÕ Ë≠MU¡, ˱U °Iv ±Mt
∞KFLU¸… «∞b¥MOW ≠v «∞bË∞W «∞ußDv ≥u ±F∂b ±b¥MW ±U{v §Mu»
√îdÈ §b¥b… ±JU≤NU ≠v «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W. ˱s «_±∏KW «∞IKOKW «∞MUœ¸…
Æb «≤b£d, –∞p °º∂V ≥b±NU ´Kv ¥b «∞NJºu” √Ë ¢AOOb ±FU°b
Ë≈–« ≤Ed≤U ≈∞v ±FU°b «ü∞Nt ±s «∞bË∞W «∞ußDv, ßMπb √Ê √¨K∂NU
°L∂Mv «∞u«œÈ °LπLu´W "ßU•u¸Ÿ" «∞FLuœ «ôßDu«≤v «∞∂ºOj.
±IDl «∞∏U≤v ´Kv ≥OμW £LU≤OW ±∏K∏U‹. Øc∞p ™Nd ∞KLd… «_Ë∞v
±IDFW «∞b«zdÈ ´Mb «∞∂bÊ ´Kv ®Jq √¸°l √≤BU· œË«zd °OMLU
±LU ¥RœÈ ≈∞v «∞ªKj °OMt Ë°Os √ßDuÊ •e±W «∞∂dœÈ, ∞Js «_ˉ
«∞Ku¢f ±πLu´W ±s √¨BUÊ «∞Ku¢f –«‹ °d«´r ±CLu≤W ±s √´Kv
°Nd±v "≤v «Ëßd ¸Ÿ" Ë"ßU•u¸Ÿ" °Q°u ÅOd, Øc∞p ¥L∏q «_ßDuÊ
«∞∑v ¢M∑Nv °∂d«´r ±CLu±W, ËÆb ™Nd ≥c« «∞Dd«“ °U∞LFU°b «∞LK∫IW
´Kv ≥OμW •e±W «∞∂dœÈ ≠OL∏q °b≤t ±πLu´W ±s √¨BUÊ «∞∂dœÈ
«∞MªOKv °b≤t √±Kf Ë¥∑u§t «∞ºFn ±s √´öÁ, √±U «_ßDuÊ «∞cÈ
ËßFn «∞MªOq Ë«ß∑Ld«¸« ∞NU ≠v «∞FLU¸… «∞∫πd¥W. Ë«_ßDuÊ
±s ≠dËŸ «_®πU¸ Ë√´u«œ «∞M∂U‹ «∞Le¥MW °e≥u¸ «∞∂dœÈ Ë«∞Ku¢f
√îd§∑t «∞FLU¸… «∞LBd¥W Ë¢F∑∂d ¢∫u¥d« “îd≠OU ∞Kb´Uzr «_Ë∞v
«∞∂dœÈ Ë«_ßU©Os «∞Ku¢ºOW, Ë¢Fb «_ßU©Os «∞M∂U¢OW ±s √§Lq ±U
«∞Dd“ «∞∏öÀ ≥v «_ßU©Os «∞MªOKOW Ë«_ßU©Os ´Kv ≥OμW •e±W
«∞Ld°FW Ë«∞Lº∑DOKW «∞ºUzb… ≠v ´LU¸… «_ßd… «∞d«°FW. Ë≥cÁ
«∞πMU“¥W £ö£W ©d“ ±s «_ßU©Os «∞M∂U¢OW «∞∑v •KX ±∫q «∞b´U±U‹
±e¥MW, Ë«°∑b«¡ ±s ´Nb «_ßd… «∞ªU±ºW °b√ ¥ºuœ ≠v «∞LFU°b
Ë«ß∑∂b‰ °Nu «_´Lb… «∞cÈ ¥∑Ib «∞HMU¡ °dœ≥W ©u¥KW §b¸«≤NU
°πb¸«≤NU «∞Le¥MW °MIu‘ ¸«zFW ØLU “«œ‹ ±ºU•W «∞LªU“Ê °NU
«∞∂U“∞X «_ßuœ, ËÆb ¢LOe‹ «∞LFU°b «∞πMU“¥W ∞úßd… «∞ªU±ºW
´s ¬îdÁ Ë∞r ¥∂o ±Mt ßuÈ ¬£U¸ °ºODW ∞ú¸{OW «∞∑v ØU≤X ±s
«∞LM∫Mv °b≥Au¸, √±U «∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È ∞KLKp "îu≠u" ≠Ib ¢NbÂ
±∏q «∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È ∞Nd ±ObË ˫∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È «∞ªU’ °U∞NdÂ
"îHdŸ" ≠JU≤X «_±∏KW «∞ºU°IW ∞Nc« «∞FNb ÅGOd… °ºODW ∞KGU¥W
«∞Ib¥LW °Fb… ±d«•q ≈∞v √Ê ËÅq ≈∞v ≥cÁ «∞Bu¸…, Ë–∞p ≠v ´Nb
´Kv ∞uÕ ´Kv ≥OμW °U» Ë≥Lv. ËÆb ±d «∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È ≠v «∞bË∞W
±s §N∑t «∞Gd°OW °U∞NOJq ËÆb” «_Æb«” «∞cÈ ¨U∞∂U ±U ØUÊ ¥∫∑uÈ
Ë¥∫Oj °Nc« «∞FMBd ±πLu´U‹ ±s «∞LªU“Ê Ë¥M∑Nv ≥c« «∞πe¡
±AJUË«‹ ∞∑LU£Oq «∞LKp ¸°LU ØU≤X ´Kv ´öÆW °QßLUzt «∞ªLf,
¥KOt ≠MU¡ ±JAu·, Ë«∞∏U≤v ¥∑P∞n ±s ´MBd ¥∫∑uÈ ´Kv îLf
Ë¥M∑Z ´s ≥c« «∞HU¸‚ ≠v ±º∑uÈ «∞ºD` ±JU≤U ∞Mu«≠c «ù{U¡…
£ö£W √¸ËÆW, «_Ëßj ±Mt ßIHt √Ø∏d «¸¢HU´U ±s ßIHv «∞πU≤∂Os
´d÷ «∞LF∂b °QØLKt Ë¢∑Q∞n ≠v ±FU°b «_ßd… «∞∑UßFW ´Ad ±s
«∞b«îKOW ±s ≤Iu‘. Ë°Nu «_´Lb… ´∂U¸… ´s ÆU´W Ø∂Od… ¢AGq
√Ë ØKNU ©∂IU‹ ØKNU ÅHU‹ ±ºIu≠W ∞∫LU¥W ±U ´Kv §b¸«Ê «∞HMU¡
√±U ≠MU¡ «∞LF∂b ≠JUÊ √Ø∏d ´MUÅdÁ «¢ºU´U ¥∫Oj °∂Fi §u«≤∂t
∞KLKp Ë√•OU≤U ¢Iu √±U±t ±ºK∑UÊ √Ë √Ø∏d.
¢Iu ßU¸¥∑Os √Ë √Ø∏d ØLU ØU≤X ¢∑Ib «∞BdÕ «∞∑LU£Oq «∞CªLW
(îOd“«≤W) Ë¥∑u§t «∞Ju¸≤Og «∞LBdÈ, Ë≠v Ë«§Nt Øq ÅdÕ ØU≤X
°OMNLU ±bîq Ë¢LOq §b¸«≤NLU ≈∞v «∞b«îq Ë¢∫Oj °∫U≠W Øq °dÃ
ØUÊ ÅdÕ «∞LF∂b ¥∑Q∞n ±s °d§Os ≥UzKOs ÆU´b¢NLU ±º∑DOKW
(≤uÊ) Ë«Ê ØUÊ ∞NU √•OU≤U ≠Uzb… «≤AUzOW Ë≥v ¢Iu¥W °MU¡ «∞ºu¸.
«∞ºu¸ ±∑Fd§W ±LU œ´U ∞ö´∑IUœ √≤NU ¢d±e °c∞p ∞KLOUÁ «_“∞OW
Ë°∫Od… ±IbßW, ËØU≤X √•OU≤U «∞∫u«zj «∞∑v ¢AJq §u«≤V ≥c«
ØUÊ ¥Cr √¥CU ±ºUØs ∞KJNMW ˱∂UÊ ∞ûœ«¸… ˱ªU“Ê Ë•b«zo
¢JHKNU ≥cÁ «∞∑LU£Oq ∞KLF∂b. Ë¥∫Oj °U∞LF∂b ßu¸ {ªr ±s «∞K∂s
≈´DU¡ «∞d≥∂W Ë«∞πö‰ ∞KLJUÊ ´öË… ´Kv «∞∫LU¥W «∞d±e¥W «∞∑v
«∞Gd÷ ±Mt ±FLU¸¥U ≥u «∞∑QØOb ´Kv ±∫u¸ «∞LF∂b °Uù{U≠W ≈∞v
«∞LF∂b ´Uœ… ©d¥o ¢∫n °t ¢LU£Oq «∞J∂U‘ √Ë √°v «∞Nu‰ ËØUÊ
Ë•b¢t «∞LFLU¸¥W, Ë–∞p °S{U≠W √°NOW √Ë √≠MOW √îdÈ Ë¥RœÈ ≈∞v
"ßO∑v «_ˉ" °Q°ObË”) ±LU ¥ºL` ∞t °U∞MLu œËÊ √Ê ¥HIb… –∞p
ØUÊ ±∫u¸ «∞LF∂b ´∂U¸… ´s îj ±º∑IOr (±U´b« ≠v •U∞W ±F∂b
≥c« «∞L∫u¸ ±l ±πdÈ ≤Nd «∞MOq Ë√Ê ØUÊ ±u«“¥U ∞t ≠v °Fi «_±∏KW,
´Kv ±∫u¸ Ë«•b Ë≥u «∞L∫u¸ «∞dzOºv ∞KLF∂b ËØUÊ ¨U∞∂U ±U ¥∑FU±b
∞t ≠MU¡«Ê ˱MNU ±U ØUÊ ∞t √Ø∏d ±s °Nu Ë¢Il §LOl ≥cÁ «∞FMUÅd
–∞p °Nu «_´Lb… £r «∞NOJq ËÆb” «_Æb«”, ˱s «∞LFU°b ±U ØUÊ
£r ≠MU¡ ±JAu· –È √¸ËÆW ¢∫Oj °t ±s °Fi §u«≤∂t √Ë ØKNU, Ë¥Kv
ßUœ ≠v ±FU°b «ü∞Nt ≠v –∞p «∞FNb ±s ÅdÕ ¥∑Ib±t ©d¥o «∞J∂U‘
¢U¸¥a «∞FLU¸… «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW, Ë¥∑Q∞n «∞MLj «∞LFLU¸È «∞cÈ
¥F∑∂d ´Nb «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W √´Er ´Nuœ «∞∑AOOb Ë«∞∂MU¡ ≠v
∞úßd¢Os «∞ªU±ºW Ë«∞ºUœßW.
«üîd¥s ±πLu´U‹ ±s «∞LªU“Ê ±LU ¥A∂t Ø∏Od« «∞LFU°b «∞πMU“¥W
«∞∑LU£Oq «∞ªLf £r Æb” «_Æb«”, Ë¥∫Oj °Nc¥s «∞FMBd¥s
´Kv ≤Lj ±U ØUÊ °LF∂b «∞u«œÈ ∞‡ "îHdŸ". Ë¥RœÈ «∞HMU¡ ≈∞v ±AJUË«‹
¥KOt ≠MU¡ ±∫U◊ °Q´Lb… ±d°FW ØU≤X ¢∫n °NU ¢LU£Oq §U∞ºW ∞KLKp
Ë¥∑JuÊ «∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È ∞‡ "ßMußd‹ «_ˉ" ±s œ≥KOe «∞Lbîq
°Nd "°O∂v «∞∏U≤v" °ºIU¸….
«_±∏KW ∞b¸«ßW ≥c« «∞MuŸ ±s «∞LFU°b, Ë≥u ¥A∂t Ø∏Od« ±∏OKt «∞LK∫o
«∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È ∞Nd "ßMußd‹ «_ˉ" °U∞KAX ¥F∑∂d ±s √≠Cq
±s ≥d±t ≥MU„, ËÆb √©Ko ´KOt «ù¨d¥o( ÆBd «∞∑Ot). ØLU √Ê
≥u «∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È ∞‡ "«±ML∫U‹ «∞∏U∞Y" °Nu«¸… Ë≥u ¥Il ≈∞v «∞πMu»
«∞LFU°b «∞πMU“¥W, ≈ô √≤t ±U ¢∂Iv ±MNU ¥F∑∂d ÆKOö ˱s √≥r «_±∏KW
Ë¥∂bË ≈Ê «∞NJºu” Æb ¢FLbË« ≥b ±FU°b «ü∞Nt Ë√°Iu« ´Kv
≈∞v «∞ENu¸ ≠v «∞FNb «∞Ou≤U≤v Ë«∞d˱U≤v.
°Q–≤v °Id…, Ë¥πb¸ ±ö•EW «î∑HU¡ «_ßDuÊ «∞MªOKv «∞cÈ ßOFuœ
¢ªh «ü∞Nt •∑∫u¸, Ë´Kv §U≤∂v «∞∑Uà ≤Ig ¥L∏q ˧t «ü∞Nt
«ßDu«≤v ¥∫Lq ¢U§U ´Kv ≥OμW «_∞W «∞LußOIOW («∞BöÅq) «∞∑v
(«∞∫∑∫u¸¥W) ËØU≤X ≠v ´Nb «∞bË∞W «∞ußDv ¢∑JuÊ ±s °bÊ
∞KLKp ≠v ≥OμW ˸œ«¡ «ù∞t "√Ë“¥d", Øc∞p ™Nd‹ «_´Lb…
02
±I∂v. ˱s √Æb «∞LFU°b «∞∑v ´∏d ´KONU ≥u ±F∂b
«ù∞NW" ≤OX" Ë≠v ≤NU¥W «∞HMU¡ ±IBu¸… –«‹ ßD`
±AJUË«‹, Ë¥J∑Mn ±bîKt ´KLUÊ Ë¥∑ußDt ¸±e
±s ≠MU¡ ¥∫Oj °t ßu¸ ¨U∞∂U ±U ØUÊ ±s «∞K∂s Ë°t
´Kv ±ªDDt ±L∏ö ´Kv °DUÆW °Q°ObË”, Ë¥∑JuÊ
√±∏KW ≥OJq «∞ALU‰ ±F∂b «ù∞NW "≤OX" «∞cÈ ´∏d
«∞πU≤∂Os Ë¥F∑Ib √≤t ØUÊ ±∂Mv ±s «∞K∂s. ˱s √≥r
«∞L∫Bu¸ °Os •UzDOs ±d¢HFOs ¥∫b«Á ±s
ØU∞ªAV Ë«∞∫Bd. Ë¥∑LOe «∞∏U≤v °ºIHt «∞LI∂v
√≤u°Of). Ë¥F∑Ib √≤t ØUÊ °MU¡« ±s «∞Lu«œ «∞ªHOHW
¬ËÈ Ë°c∞p ¥JuÊ ≥OJq «∞πMu» ≥u îOLW «ù∞t
√Ë Ë•Ob «∞IdÊ (Ë¥F∑Ib «ßJMb¸ °bËÈ √≤t «°s
°ºD∫t «∞LIu” ≠OLU ¥A∂t •Ou«Ê ≠d” «∞∂∫d
«∞NOd˨KOHO∑Os «∞K∑Os ¢L∏ö≥LU. Ë¥∑LOe «_ˉ
«∞cÈ «ß∑b‰ √¥CU ´Kv ®JKONLU ±s «∞Fö±∑Os
«∞MIu‘ ±U ¥L∏q ≥OJq «∞πMu» Ë≥OJq «∞ALU‰
Ë«∞ªA∂OW ±s ´Bd °b«¥W «_ßd«‹, Ë√≥r ≥cÁ
´Kv √®JU∞NU ±s ≤Iu‘ «∞∂DUÆU‹ «∞FU§OW
"≤u«≠c ±F∂b «∞Jd≤p"
"±F∂b ÆBd «∞BU¨W"
Åu¸Á ≈∞v §e¡ ´U ˬîd îU’: «_ˉ ¥∑JuÊ ±s °Nu √´Lb…
°LM∑Bn «∞πU≤V «∞AdÆv ∞KNdÂ, Ë¥MIºr ±ªDDt ≠v √ØLq
±uÆl «∞∂MU¡ «∞Ld¢Hl ´s «∞u«œÈ. ØUÊ «∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È ¥K∑Bo
±dßv ¢Bq ≈∞Ot, ØLU ØUÊ ô°b ∞NU ±s ©d¥o ¢MIq ´KOt ≈∞v
≈∞v «ôß∑ªb«Â «∞b¥Mv, ≠JUÊ ô°b ∞ú•πU¸ «∞LIDu´W ±s
˸°LU ØUÊ ∞MAQ… ≥cÁ «∞FMUÅd {d˸… «≤AUzOW °Uô{U≠W
√©Ko ´Kv ≥c« «∞∑Ju¥s «∞LFLU¸È «ßr «∞LπLu´W «∞Nd±OW
´Mb •U≠W «∞u«œÈ, Ë¥Bq °Os «∞LF∂b¥s ©d¥o ÅU´b, ËÆb
«∞FMUÅd «∞∑U∞OW: ≥d ÅGOd §U≤∂v, ±F∂b §MU“È Ë±F∂b
≤IBX ±ºU•W Ë´bœ «∞L∂UÊ «∞L∫ODW °t Ë«≤∫Bd‹ ≠v
«∞u«{` ≠v °MU¡ «_≥d«±U‹ “«œ‹ ±ºU•W «∞Nd –«¢t °OMLU
±º∑uÈ «_¸÷ «∞e¸«´OW ±LU ¢º∂V ≠v ¸œ±NU. ˱l «∞∑IbÂ
¢Id¥∂U Ë–∞p √±U °º∂V ≈´Uœ… «ß∑ªb«Â √•πU¸≥U √Ë ô¸¢HUŸ
«∞Ib¥LW, ¥πb¸ «ù®U¸… ≈∞v √Ê √¨KV ±FU°b «∞u«œÈ Æb «î∑HX
ËÆ∂q «∞∂b¡ ≠v œ¸«ßW «∞LFU°b «∞πMU“¥W ≠v «∞bË∞W
±JAu· °t ±c°` ±s «_∞∂º∑d.
°U_•πU¸ ≠u‚ ÆU´b… ±d°FW √ßD∫NU ±UzKW Ë¢∑ußj ≠MU¡
´s «∞u«œÈ, Ë«∞FMBd «_ßUßv °t ≥u ±ºKt ÅLU¡ ±∂MOW
ÅU´b ±ºIu· ¥RœÈ ≈∞v «∞LF∂b «∞cÈ ¥FKu ¸°u… ±d¢HFW
±s ±bîq {ªr ¥DKo ´KOt ±∂Mv «∞u«œÈ ¥∑Bq °Dd¥o
Ë¥F∑Ib √≤t ≤ºªW ±s ±F∂b «ù∞t "¸Ÿ" °FOs ®Lf, Ë¥∑Q∞n
«∞LKp "≤v «Ëßd ¸Ÿ" °U∞Id» ±s √°u ÅOd ®LU‰ ®d‚ ßIU¸…,
«∞ALf ¸Ÿ ≈ô √Ê √≥r ±U ¢∂Iv ±MNr ≥u –∞p «∞cÈ ®ObÁ
±∑πU˸…. ËÆb ®Ob √¨KV ±Ku„ «_ßd… «∞ªU±ºW ±FU°b ù∞t
°U» Ë«•b ¥KOt ≠MU¡ {Oo ≠v ≤NU¥∑t ¢u§b ß∂l ±IUÅOd
«∞MUœ¸…. Ë¥∑LOe ≥c« «∞LF∂b °u«§NW ±º∑DOKW °ºODW ¥ª∑dÆNU
¨U∞∂U ±U ¥d§l ≈∞v ≤NU¥W «_ßd… «∞∏U∞∏W √•b ≥cÁ «_±∏KW
«∞IKOq «∞MUœ¸, Ë¥F∑∂d ±F∂b ÆBd «∞BU¨W °U∞HOu ˫∞cÈ
Ë«∞∫b¥∏W. Ë∞r ¥∂o ±s ±FU°b «ü∞NW ±s «∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW ≈ô
«∞LIBu¸«‹ «∞∏ö£W «∞cÈ ßUœ ≠v «∞bË∞∑Os «∞ußDv
«_ßd«‹, Ë¥F∑∂d ©d«“ ≥c« «∞LF∂b √Åö ∞KLF∂b –È
(îM∑v ≈±M∑Ou) °Q°ObË” ˨U∞∂U ±U ¥d§l ≈∞v ´Nb °b«¥W
91
«∞LGDv °U∞∫BOd ±LU ¢º∂V ≠v «≤b£U¸≥U, Ë¥º∑b‰
ßd¥FW «∞∑Kn ØU_´u«œ «∞LCHu¸… ±s «∞M∂U¢U‹ Ë«∞ªAV
«_Ë∞v ≠v ´Bd ±U Æ∂q «_ßd«‹ ØU≤X ¢∂Mv ±s ±u«œ
œ¸«ßW «∞FLU¸… «∞b¥MOW ≠Mπb √Ê «∞NOUØq √Ë «∞LFU°b
°Fb √Ê «ß∑Fd{MU «∞FLU¸… «∞πMU“¥W, ≤∂b√ ≠v
Ë≤Iu®NU ±FU.
«_ˉ √´Er «∞LIU°d «∞LKJOW °U∞u«œÈ ±s •OY ©d«“≥U
±∫u¸¥s √Ë √Ø∏d ≠v «∞MLj «∞∏U≤v, Ë¢F∑∂d ±I∂d… ßO∑v
«∞Gd· ´Kv ±∫u¸ Ë«•b ≠v «∞MLj «_ˉ Ë¢∑u“Ÿ ´Kv
±πLu´W ±s «∞b¸§U‹, Ë¢M∑Nv °Gd≠W «∞b≠s Ë¢∑∑U°l
±s «∞LLd«‹ «∞LM∫b¸… Ë«∞b≥U∞Oe «∞NU°DW ¢HBq °OMNU
±∑FU±b¥s Ë√•OU≤U £ö£W, Ë¢∑JuÊ «∞LI∂d… ±s ±πLu´W
¥∑LOe °L∫u¸ Ë«•b ±º∑IOr Ë£U≤ONLU ∞t ±∫u¸¥s
«∞LI∂d… «∞LKJOW ≠v «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W ≈∞v ≤LDOs, √Ë∞NLU
ØUÊ ¥b‰ ´Kv ±JUÊ œ≠s «∞π∏W Ë√£U£NU «∞πMU“È. Ë¢MIºr
∞KMNV, Ë√œÈ –∞p ≈∞v «∞∑ªKv ´s «∞AJq «∞Nd±v «∞cÈ
≠v ±JUÊ îHv °FOb ¸°LU ¥IKq –∞p ±s ≠d’ ¢Fd{NU
¸ƒÈ ≠Bq «∞LI∂d… «∞LKJOW ´s «∞LF∂b «∞πMU“È Ë•Hd≥U
«∞LKu„ °Gd°v ©O∂W ±s ±Ku„ «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W, ≠Ib
ØUÊ "¢∫∑Lf «_ˉ" √ˉ ±s •Hd ±I∂d¢t °u«œÈ
Ë¥∑Ib «∞LIBu¸… ≠MU¡ ±bîKt ´Kv ≥OμW ÅdÕ ÅGOd ±∂Mv ±s
«_¸÷ «∞LºD∫W Ë°πb¸«≤NU «∞Gd°v ±AJU… ±M∫u¢W ≠v «∞Bªd,
≈∞v ©d«“¥s: √Ë∞NLU ´∂U¸… ´s ±IBu¸… ¢A∂t «∞∂OX ±AOb… ´Kv
«∞c¥s ßJMu« √¥CU ≥cÁ «∞LMDIW √£MU¡ •OU¢Nr, Ë¢MIºr «∞LIU°d °NU
«∞bË∞W °ºUzd √§e«¡ «∞∂d «∞Gd°v •OY ØU≤X ¢ªh «∞FLU‰ Ë«∞HMU≤Os
œ¥d «∞Lb¥MW °Gd» ©O∂W Ø∏Od« ´s ßUzd ±IU°d «_®d«· ËØ∂U¸ ¸§U‰
≠v ±u«{Ol «∞LMU™d «∞∑v ¢e¥s §b¸«≤NU «∞b«îKOW, Ë¢ª∑Kn ±IU°d
°∑q «∞FLU¸≤W ≠v ´LU¸¢NU Ø∏Od« ´s ±IU°d ©O∂W Ë√Ê ¢dØe «ôî∑ö·
√Ë °b«îq «∞LIBu¸… √Ë «∞Le«¸ «∞πMU“È. Ëô ¢ª∑Kn ±IU°d «_®d«·
«∞LI∂d… «∞LKJOW. Ë¥RœÈ ≈∞v ¨d≠W «∞b≠s °μd ≈±U ≠v ®LU‰ «∞HMU¡
«∞AJq «∞Nd±v √®∂t °d±e ≠u‚ ±IU°d «_≠d«œ °Fb √Ê ¢ªKX ´Mt
«∞AdÆOW ±AJU… ∞MBV √Ë ∞∑L∏U‰ «∞L∑u≠v ¸«ØFU. Ë°c∞p √Å∂`
Ë√¨KV ≥cÁ «∞LIU°d ØUÊ ¥FKu≥U ≥d ÅGOd ±s «∞K∂s ≠v Ë«§N∑t
±AJU… ∞∑LU£Oq ÅU•V «∞LI∂d… Ë•bÁ √Ë ±l °Fi √≠d«œ √ßd¢t,
≈∞v œ≥KOe ©u¥q ¥HCv ≈∞v ±IBu¸… ÅGOd…, ≠v §b«¸≥U «∞Gd°v
«∞Gd°v, Ë¢∑Q∞n °BHW ´U±W ±s ≠MU¡ ¢KOt ¸œ≥t ±º∑Fd{W ¢RœÈ
«∞Ju«¸¢e¥X ¥Hu‚ Ë“≤NU «∞LUzW ©s.
•OY ÆDFX «∞Gd≠W ±s ÆDFW Ë«•b… ±s •πd
ËÅIKNU ≠v ¨d≠W «∞b≠s °Nd "«±ML∫U‹ «∞∏U∞Y" °Nu«¸…
«∞KBu’, ØLU ¢πKX «∞LNU¸… «∞HUzIW ≠v ÆDl «_•πU¸
«∞b≥U∞Oe Ë«∞Gd· Ë«ü°U¸ «∞JU–°W √±ö ≠v ¢CKOq
¢LOe‹ ´LU¸… √≥d«±U‹ «_ßd… «∞∏U≤OW ´Ad °J∏d…
«∞Dd¥IW ≠v «∞∂MU¡ •∑v ´Nb "ßMußd‹ «∞∏U∞Y". ËÆb
±s «∞ªU¸Ã °U∞∫πd «∞πOdÈ «∞πOb, ËÆb «¢∂FX ≥cÁ
°U∞d±q Ë«ô≤IU÷ √Ë «∞K∂s, Ë√îOd« ¥∑r غU¡ «∞NdÂ
£r ¢Lú «∞Hd«¨U‹ «∞MU®μW °Os ¢Kp «∞πb¸«Ê «∞L∑IU©FW
∞KNd •∑v √¸ØU≤t «_¸°FW Øc∞p ≈∞v Ëßj Øq {Kl
√Ë «∞K∂s, Ë¢L∑b ≥cÁ «∞πb¸«Ê ±s «∞LdØe «∞NMbßv
°∑Ju¥s ±s «∞πb¸«Ê «∞L∑IU©FW «∞LAOb… ±s «∞∫πd
«ß∑∂b∞X ≤u«Á «∞Nd ˫ô{U≠U‹ «∞πU≤∂OW «∞LLU£KW
√Ø∂d •πLU ±s ¢Kp «∞∑v °MOX ≠v ≤NU¥W «∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW, ≠Ib
≥OμW √≥d«±U‹, ≈ô √≤NU ØU≤X ¢ª∑Kn ≠v ©d¥IW «∞∂MU¡ ØLU ØU≤X
ËÆb «ß∑Ld ±Ku„ «_ßd… «∞∏U≤OW ´Ad ≠v °MU¡ ±IU°d≥r ´Kv
«∞∑BLOr.
Ë√Ê ØUÊ ¥u§b °Fi «∞∑AU°t ≠v °Fi «∞FMUÅd «∞∑v ¢∑JuÊ ±MNU
«∞∫Uœ¥W ´Ad, Ë≥v ¢ª∑Kn ´s «∞LI∂d… «∞LKJOW ≠v «∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW
≠v ¨d°v ©O∂W ¢L∏q ¢πb¥b« Ë«“œ≥U¸« ∞KFLU¸… ≠v °b«¥W «_ßd…
«∞bË∞W «∞ußDv ≠Ib ≤πb √Ê ±I∂d… «∞LKp "≤V •∂X ¸Ÿ ±M∑u•∑V"
Ë≈–« ´b≤U ≈∞v ¢∑∂l «∞∑Du¸ «∞LFLU¸È ∞KLI∂d… «∞LKJOW «°∑b«¡ ±s
£ö£W ±IUÅOd ±∑πU˸… ˙ ¢L∏q £ö£W √§OU‰ ±∑FUÆ∂W ≠v ≠MU¡ Ë«•b.
«∞LMDIW °Dd«“ ±FLU¸È ¥DKo ´KOt «ßr ±I∂d… «∞FUzKW ¢A∑d„ ≠Ot
√ßHq «_¸÷ ØKNU ±e¥MW °U∞LMU™d «∞b¥MOW «∞LKu≤W, ØLU «≤Hdœ‹
«∞LIBu¸…. Ë¢∑LOe ±IU°d œ¥d «∞Lb¥MW √Ê «_§e«¡ «∞LªBBW ∞Kb≠s
«∞∏U≤v ≠Nu ´∂U¸… ´s ≥d ±d¢Je ´Kv «_¸÷ Ë¥∫∑uÈ °b«îKt
«∞K∂s Ë¥FKu «∞LIBu¸… ≥d ÅGOd √§u· √¥CU ±s «∞K∂s, √±U «∞Dd«“
81
"±F∂b «∞u«œÈ ∞ªHdŸ"
"¨d≠W «∞b≠s «∞dzOºOW ∞KNd «_Ø∂d"
¨d≠W ±GKIW ≠OLU ´b« ®o ÅGOd ¥∫Hk °NU ¢L∏U‰ «∞L∑u≠v Ë√©Ko
«∞d«°FW ÅU¸‹ «∞LI∂d… ¢∂Mv °U∞JU±q ±s «∞∫πd, Ë√∞∫o °U∞LIBu¸…
«_ßd… «∞∏U∞∏W °U∞∫πd «∞πOdÈ Ë¢MIg °U∞LMU™d, Ë≠v ≤NU¥W «_ßd…
«∞b«îKOW ≠v ±IU°d «_≠d«œ ≠v «ô¢ºUŸ Ë√Å∂∫X ¢Jºv ≠v √Ë«îd
•∑v «¢ªc‹ ®Jq «∞LIBu¸… °NOμW ÅKOV, Ë≥Jc« °b√‹ «∞LIUÅOd
±MNU ∞u•W §MU“¥W •πd¥W, £r √îc‹ «∞LAJU… «∞πMu°OW ¢eœ«œ ´LIU
"«∞Lbîq «∞dzOºv ∞Nd îu≠u"
¨Od ¥ºOd ≈ô √≤NU ØU≤X ≠v ©O∂W ±∫Hu¸… ≠v ˧t «∞π∂q
«∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W ≠OLU °OMNU ≠v «∞∑HUÅOq «∞LFLU¸¥W «î∑ö≠U
∞K∑LU£Oq «∞LM∫u¢W ≠v «∞Bªd, Ë¢ª∑Kn ±IU°d «_≠d«œ ≠v
«∞ªKHv («∞AdÆv) ´Kv «∞L∫u¸ «∞dzOºv ∞KLI∂d… ±AJU…
´Ad - ´Kv √¸°FW √´Lb… –«‹ ß∑W ´Ad {KFU, Ë≠v §b«¸≥U
±∫Hu¸… ≠v «∞Bªd ≠JUÊ ¢∫∑uÈ - ≠v ´Nb «_ßd… «∞∏U≤OW
«∞AdÆOW ÅHt °NU ´Luœ¥s ±CKFOs, √±U «∞LIBu¸… Ë≥v
•ºs ©d¥o ÅU´b, Ë¥∑Ib «∞LIBu¸… ≠MU¡ ≠v ≤NU¥∑t
Ë«ßOu◊ ËÆUË «∞J∂Od Ë«ßu«Ê. ËØUÊ ¥RœÈ «∞v ±IU°d °Mv
≠v ßH` «∞NC∂W ≠v ´b… ±MU©o ±s «≥LNU °Mv •ºs Ë«∞∂d®U
¢∂Mv ´Kv ®Jq ±ºU©V, ËÆb •Hd •JU «ôÆU∞Or ±IU°d≥r
°Q≥d«±U‹ ±Ku„ ≥c« «∞FNb °U∞HOu •OY «ô¸÷ ±M∂ºDW
≠v «∞BFOb ˱Bd «∞ußDv °OMLU ™KX «∞LIU°d «∞L∫ODW
°Uî∑ö· «∞LMU©o, ≠ºUœ ©d«“ «∞LIU°d «∞L∫Hu¸… ≠v «∞Bªd
ËÆb «î∑KHX ´LU¸… ±IU°d «_≠d«œ ≠v «∞bË∞W «∞ußDv
«∞LIBu¸«‹ ±ºK∑UÊ ÅGOd¢UÊ.
"îu≠u" Ë"îHdŸ", ËØUÊ √•OU≤U ±U ¥J∑Mn ±b«îq °Fi
«∞∑∫d¸ «∞cÈ •bÀ ±s «∞Dd«“ «∞LFLU¸È «∞cÈ ßUœ ≠v ´NbÈ
–«‹ «∞H∑d… Ë«î∑KHX «∞LªDDU‹ Ë¢Mu´X ±LU ¥b‰ ´Kv
Ë«§NW «∞IBd, ØLU “«œ ´bœ «∞Gd· °b«îq «∞LBD∂W ≠v
«¢ªc «∞∂U» «∞u≥Lv ≠v «_ßd¢Os «∞ªU±ºW Ë«∞ºUœßW ®Jq
«∞LBD∂W √Ë ≠v «∞πb«¸ «∞Gd°v «∞b«îKv «∞LIBu¸…, ËÆb
«_≠d«œ °U∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW «∞∂U» «∞u≥Lv ËÆb ¥u§b ≠v Ë«§NW
´KONU "«∞ºdœ«»". ˱s √≥r «∞FMUÅd «∞LFLU¸¥W ≠v ±IU°d
71
"°U» Ë≥Lv"
"±bîq «∞LπLu´W «∞Nd±OW ∞eËßd ±l ≥d±t «∞Lb¸Ã"
«∞K∂s ¥∫Kv Ë«§N∑NU «∞AdÆOW(±AJUË«‹), ËØ∏Od« ±U ¥FKu «∞πMu°OW
™KX ±IU°d «_≠d«œ ≠v «_ßd… «∞∏U∞∏W ´Kv ≥OμW ±BU©V ±s
°U∞D∂l ØU≤X √Æq •πLU °J∏Od.
«_≠d«œ ≠v «∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW ±u«Ø∂U ∞∑Du¸ «∞LIU°d «∞LKJOW, ≈ô √≤NU
"¢L∏U‰ «±∫∑V"
±s •OY «∞∫πr ËœÆW «∞∑MHOc. ËÆb •bÀ ¢Du¸« ≠v ´LU¸… ±IU°d
≥d ≈ô √≤NU ØU≤X √Æq °J∏Od ±LU ØU≤X ´KOt √≥d«±U‹ «_ßd… «∞d«°FW
±Ku„ «_ßd¢Os «∞ªU±ºW Ë«∞ºUœßW ≠v °MU¡ ±IU°d≥r ´Kv ®Jq
≠v «∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW «∞∑v °KGX °NU ±d•KW «∞JLU‰ «∞HMv. ËÆb «ß∑Ld
Ë¥F∑∂d «∞b≥KOe «∞FEOr °b«îKt ˨d≠W «∞LKp ±s √¸ËŸ √±∏KW «∞FLU¸…
«∞πOdÈ «∞πOb «∞LBIu‰, Ë¥d§` √≤t ØUÊ ¥FKuÁ ≥d¥r ±s «∞πd«≤OX,
√•πU¸Á «∞b«îKOW °Nc« «∞M∑u¡, £r غv ±s «∞ªU¸Ã °JºU¡ ±s «∞∫πd
Ë«ù¢IUÊ, ËÆb °Mv ≥c« «∞Nd •u‰ ≤u«Á °U¸“… ±s «∞NC∂W, Ë√•U©X
«∞Nd «_Ø∂d ´Kv °Ku⁄ ≠s «∞∂MU¡ ≠v ´Nb "îu≠u" –¸Ë… «∞∑Hu‚
√°bŸ √´LU‰ «∞FLU¸… «∞∑v ®Ob≥U «ù≤ºUÊ ≠v §LOl «_“±MW Ë¥b‰
°NU. Ë¢Fb √≥d«±U‹ «∞πOe… √´Er ±U îKHt «∞LBd¥uÊ «∞Ib±U¡ ˱s
îUÅW ≠v «∞I∂u «∞Lb¸Ã «∞cÈ «ß∑ªb ≠v ¢ºIOn ¨d≠W «∞b≠s
¢Ib ±K∫uÿ ≠v ≠s «∞∂MU¡ °U_•πU¸ «∞J∂Od…, Ë¥ENd –∞p °BHW
≠v ´Nb "ßMHdË", Ë¢b‰ √≥d«±U‹ "ßMHdË" °LObË ˜≥Au¸ ´Kv
≈∞OMU. ˨b‹ «∞L∂UÊ «∞LK∫IW √Æq ´bœ« ˱ºU•W ´LU ØU≤X ´KOt
∞KLOq ØLU √Ê ±πLu´∑t ¢L∏q √ˉ ±πLu´W ≥d±OW ±∑JU±KW ¢Bq
√Ë «∞Nd «∞πMu°v °MHf «∞LMDIW, Ë≥u «∞Nd «∞u•Ob «∞cÈ ∞t “Ë«¥∑Os
±L∏ö ≠v ≥d±t «∞ALU∞v °b≥Au¸ °Fb √Ê °Mv √Ëô «∞Nd «∞LM∫Mv
"ßMHdË" √¥CU ËÅKX «∞LI∂d… «∞LKJOW ≈∞v «∞AJq «∞Nd±v «∞JU±q
´Kv ≥OμW ≥d ±b¸Ã £r «ß∑JLq ∞O∑ªc ®Jq «∞Nd «∞∑UÂ. Ë≠v ´Nb
Ë¥d§` √Ê ≥d ±ObË «∞cÈ ¥MºV ≈∞v "ßMHdË" Æb °b¡ ≠v ≈≤AUzt
±s «∞L∂UÊ «∞ö“±W ùÆU±W «∞DIu” Ë«∞AFUzd «∞πMU“¥W «∞ö“±W.
®Jq «∞LBD∂W ≈∞v «∞AJq «∞Nd±v, ØLU √Å∂` ´MBd« ≠v ±πLu´W
«∞Ou≤U≤OW ≠OLU °Fb. Ë¥Fb «∞Nd «∞Lb¸Ã °ºIU¸… ±d•KW «≤∑IU‰ ±s
«_´Lb… –«‹ «∞IMu«‹ «∞∑v ≤IKX ´MNU «_´Lb… («∞b˸¥W) ≠v «∞FLU¸…
«∞LFLU¸¥W «∞∑v ¢LOe‹ °NU ´LU¸… ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW, Øc∞p ™Nd‹
±s «∞∫πd Ë«∞∑v ¢Du¸‹ ≠OLU °Fb ∞∑B∂` ±s √§Lq «∞FMUÅd
«∞∫πd °Bu¸… ®U±KW, Ë™Nd‹ _ˉ ±d… «_´Lb… «∞M∂U¢OW «∞LM∫u¢W
¢U¸¥a «∞FLU¸… «∞LBd¥W, ≠JU≤X «∞Ld… «_Ë∞v «∞∑v ¥º∑ªb ≠ONU
°Nd±t «∞Lb¸Ã ≠v ßIU¸… ≠Q{U· °c∞p ≠Bö §b¥b« ≥U±U ≠v
´Kv ¥b ±NMbßt "«¥L∫∑V" ±πLu´W ±s «∞L∂UÊ «∞πMU“¥W ¢∫Oj
"Èd±≈ s´ ö
Î I≤" v∞Ë_« …dß_« s± …¸UIß W∂DB± ÖuL≤
16
51
Ë∞Js ±U ∞∂Y √Ê «ß∑ªb«Â «∞LBdÈ «∞∫πd, ≠JU≤X √¸{OW Æ∂d
Ø∂Od… ±º∑DOKW ±∫Hu¸… ¢∫X ±º∑uÈ «_¸÷ Ë∞NU ßIn ±s «∞ªAV.
«∞LI∂d… «∞LKJOW, ≠JUÊ «∞I∂d «∞LKJv ≠v √°ObË” ´∂U¸… ´s ¨d≠W
ËÆb •bÀ ¢Ib Ø∂Od ≠v ´Nb °b«¥W «_ßd«‹ ≠v ≠s °MU¡
«∞Gd°OW °U∞Id» ±s ±Mn, Ë≠v •u«∞v «∞FU 0082 ‚. ®Ob "“Ëßd"
Ë≠v «∞bË∞W «∞Ib¥LW √ÆU «∞LKu„ √≥d«±U¢Nr ´Kv •U≠W «∞NC∂W
±AJUË«‹ ±LU£KW ∞∑Kp «∞∑v ¢FKu Æ∂u¸ ±Ku„ «_ßd… «_Ë∞v °ºIU¸….
«∞πe¡ «∞FKuÈ ±MNU ±U ¥b‰ ´Kv √≤NU ØU≤X ¢FKu≥U ±BD∂W –«‹
°Fi œ≠MU‹ ±s ≤NU¥W «_ßd… «_Ë∞v"≤IöÎ ´s «±dÈ"
±s ´Nb ±U Æ∂q «_ßd«‹.
«∞K∂s. ˸°LU ¥JuÊ ±∂Mv ≥Od«Øu≤∂u∞Of («∞Ju «_•Ld) ±I∂d… ∞LKp
«∞K∂s, ËØU≤X ¢ºIn °HdËŸ «∞Aπd Ë¢∂Ds °Q∞u«Õ «∞ªAV √Ë Æu«∞V
«_¸ØUÊ ≠v “Ë«¥U ÆUzLW, ËÆb ÅU•V ≥c« «∞∑Du¸ «ß∑ªb«Â Æu«∞V
°OCUË¥W, £r √Å∂∫X ±º∑DOKW °πb¸«Ê ±º∑IOLW ¢∑IU©l ´Mb
«∞LIU°d ´Kv ≥OμW •Hd ÅGOd… ¨Od ´LOIW, ±º∑b¥d… «∞AJq √Ë
´d· «∞LBdÈ ≠s «∞∂MU¡ ±Mc ´Bd ±U Æ∂q «_ßd«‹ ≠JU≤X
Ë≠v ≤IUœÁ ¢Il √´Er ±IU°d ´Nb °b«¥W «_ßd«‹, •OY ¢∂Iv ±s
´Kv ≥OμW ±BD∂W Ø∂Od… ±s «∞K∂s ßD∫NU ±I∂v Ë¥∫Oj °NU ßu¸.
«≤b£d ±U ØUÊ ¥FKu «∞I∂u¸ «∞LKJOW ≠v √°ObË” ≈ô √≤t ¨U∞∂U ±U ØUÊ
"îFºªLuÈ" ±∂DMW °U∞∫πd «∞πOdÈ Ë°U°NU ±s «∞πd«≤OX. ËÆb
«∞LKp "√Ëœ¥Lu" ±∂DMW °∫πd «∞πd«≤OX ËØU≤X ±I∂d… «∞LKp
´LOb ØKOW «∞ºOU•W Ë«∞HMUœ‚ §U±FW •Ku«Ê "ßU°IÎU"
√ß∑U– «ü£U¸ «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW
√.œ. {∫v ±∫Luœ ±BDHv
±Mc √Æb «∞FBu¸ Ë•∑v ≤NU¥W «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W
√≥r ±ö±` «∞FLU¸… «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW
" W´«¸e∞« W¥¸«b§"
14
31
«∞FAd¥s °ANUœ… Ø∂U¸ «∞MIUœ «_˸°OOs, ≠v ≥c« «∞∑L∏U‰ ≤πb √ÆBv ±U
«∞dîU±OW «∞∑v ¢Fb √•b «ü£U¸ «∞NU±W ≠v «∞M∫X «∞FU∞Lv ≠v «∞IdÊ
∞Fq √´Er ¢πºOb ∞c∞p ≥u ¢L∏U∞t "¸¥UÕ «∞ªLUßOs" Ë≥u §u≥d¢t
"≤∫u ±U¡ «∞MOq"
Ë«∞dËÕ «∞πLFOW, °Os «∞∑d«À Ë«∞LFUÅd….
Ë¢GOd«‹, ˱s £r §U¡ ≠Mt §U±FU °Os «∞c«¢OW Ë«∞Lu{u´OW, °Os «∞∑Hdœ
–∞p - ¸ƒ¥W ®ªBOW •u‰ ±U ¥b˸ ≠v ±π∑LFt Ë´BdÁ ±s Åd«´U‹
±º∑u´∂ÎU •dØW «∞∑Du¸ «∞∫b¥∏W ≠v «∞Hs «∞FU∞Lv, ±L∑KJU - ±s Æ∂q
Ë¢u«ØV ¢Du¸Á, Ë¢F∂d ≠w «∞uÆX –«¢t ´s ´U∞Lt «∞ªU’ ˸ƒ«Á «∞b«îKOW,
√±∑t, Ë√Ê ¥COn ≈∞Ot ¸Ë•U ±∂∑Jd… ¢∑ö¡Â ±l ¸ËÕ «∞FBd «∞∫b¥Y
ÆCO∑t «∞J∂dÈ ØU≤X √Ê ¥Ao œ¸°t «∞ªU’ Ë«_ÅOq ±s Ë•v ¢d«À
¢R≥Kt ∞û°b«Ÿ ≠ONU ∞u ØUÊ ¥º∑Nu¥t «∞ºOd ≠v «∞b¸Ë» «_˸°OW, ∞Js
≠OL∏q §d√… ¢IMOW ¢Mr ´s ≠Nr ´LOo ∞πLU∞OU‹ «∞Lb¸ßW «∞∑JFO∂OW
±º∑u¥U‹ «ôß∑KNU ±s «∞Hs «∞LBdÈ «∞Ib¥r, √±U ¢L∏U‰ "«∞IOKu∞W"
Ë«•b) ¢F∂Od« ´s ¢u•b «_±W, Ë¥L∏q ¢L∏U‰ "ØU¢LW «_ßd«¸" √ÆBv
«∞LBdÈ «∞Ib¥r ˱s ≠KºHW £u¸… 9191 ≠w ËÆX Ë«•b (Ë≥v «∞Jq ≠v
ËØUÊ «∞d±e ´MBd« √ßUßOU ≠v ¢LU£OKt, ¥º∑Lb ≠KºH∑t ±s «∞Hs
¢LU£OKt: «∞∫eÊ, «∞IOKu∞W, ±MU§U….
√≠d«•NU Ë√•e«≤NU ËË«ÆFNU «_°bÈ «∞cÈ ¥GKÒäHt «_ßv, ˱Mt «≤∂∏IX
ËØU≤X •OU… «∞Id¥W ≥v ±Bb¸ «ù∞NU «∞∏U≤v ∞Lª∑U¸, ≠F∂d ´s
"ßFb “¨Ku‰"
±∑πbœ… ±NLU ¢IUœÂ ´KONU «∞e±s.
«∞FU∞Lv °Ib¸ ±U ¢∫LKt ±s ±FU≤v ≈≤ºU≤OW ±A∑dØW, ˱s ÆOr ´Bd¥W
Ë≥c« ±U ¥d¢Iv °Q´LU‰ ±ª∑U¸ ±s «∞BFOb «∞L∫Kv ≈∞v «∞BFOb
¥∫Lq ≠w √´LUÆt ©UÆW «∞LIU˱W Ë«∞BLuœ ≠w √Í “±UÊ √Ë ±JUÊ.
´U¢OW, Ë≥u ±U ¥LJs √Ê ¥MD∂o √¥CU ´Kv √Í ®FV, °q ´Kv √Í ≈≤ºUÊ
±U ¥FDONU ÆOLW ±CU´HW ≥u ¢F∂Od≥U «∞d±eÈ ´s •U∞W «∞LIU˱W ∞IuÈ
«∞b¸«±v ±s ´Mn Ë¢∫bÚ, ≠S≤MU ≈“«¡ ÆDFW ®HU≠W ˨U±CW ØU∞∫Kr, ∞Js
√ÅFV √≤u«Ÿ «∞∫dØW ≠v √È ¢L∏U‰, ˱l Øq ±U ¥L∏Kt –∞p «∞Bd«Ÿ
Ë«ô≤∫MU¡«‹ Ë«î∑ö· ±∫U˸ «∞∫dØW ≠u‚ ´Luœ ±dØeÈ Ë«•b, Ë¢Kp
«∞LFMv, Ë≠v ≈{U≠W ≈±JU≤U‹ ¢AJOKOW §LU∞OW ≠v «ôß∑b«¸«‹
≥MU ¢KFV «∞Lö°f «∞LF∂Q… °U∞Nu«¡ œË¸« √ßUßOU ≠v ¢πºOb ≥c«
≈∞v «_±UÂ.
Ë≥v ¢Bb «∞Ld√… ≈∞v «∞ªKn, ËÆu… «≤b≠U´NU Ë≥v ¢IUË «∞d¥UÕ Ë¢∑IbÂ
√°bΫ, ˱s ®∫MW œ¸«±OW ¢L∏q Åd«´U °Os Æu¢Os ±∑FUœ∞∑Os: Æu… «∞FUÅHW
√ÆBv ±U ¥∑ºr °t «∞M∫X «∞∫b¥Y ±s •dØW œ¥MU±OJOW œË«¸… ô ¢∑uÆn
´Kv ±∫u¸ √ßUßv ≠u‚ «_¸÷ ¥MDKo ≈∞v «∞ö±∫bËœ, ØLU ≤πb ≠Ot
≠v ¢J∑r, ±∑ªKBW ±s √¥W ≠d«¨U‹ √Ë ¢HUÅOq ≤∏d¥W, ±dØÒe…Î Øq £IKNU
¥∑∫Kv °t «∞M∫X «∞LBdÈ «∞Ib¥r ±s ¸ßuŒ «∞J∑KW Ë«≤Du«zNU ´Kv ≤HºNU
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"¸√” ´dË” «∞MOq"
Ë«ß∑Id«¸ «∞J∑KW Ë•Ou¥W «ù¥IUŸ Ë«∞∫dØW.
, ˸‚ •∑v √Å∂` ≠w îHW «_£Od , ˱l –∞p ∞r ¥HIb ¸ÅU≤W «∞∂MU¡
ØLIDu´U‹ ±ußOIOW ¸Ë±U≤ºOW ¢∫u‰ ≠ONU «∞∫πd ≈∞v ±U ¥A∂t «∞∂Ku¸
±πLu´∑t «∞LºLU…: «∞Fuœ… ±s «∞MNd.. ≠Nw ßKºKW °b¥FW ±s «∞Ld±d,
«∞πd«¸… «∞∑v ¢An ´s «∞∑CU¸¥f «∞πLOKW _§ºUœ≥s «∞HMOW, îUÅW
Ë°Os •LKNU ´Kv «∞d√” ≠v £ö£OU‹ ±∑MU¨LW ±s «∞H∑OU‹ °Lö°ºNs
¸®UÆW ßU•d…, Ë¢Mu´X ¢Ju¥MU¢t °Os «ô≤∫MU¡ ´Kv «∞LU¡ ∞Lq¡ «∞πd…
ËÆb«ßW «∞LU¡ ˧LU‰ «∞Id¥W ˸ÆW «∞Fc«¸È Ë≥s ¥∑LU¥Ks °πd«¸≥s ≠v
±ª∑U¸ ±s ≥c« «∞DIf «∞Ou±v ÆBUzb ≤∫∑OW ¢∑GMv °πö‰ «∞MNd
«∞GdË» ≠v Øq ¥u ≠OLU ¥A∂t «∞DIf «∞πLFw «∞L∑u«¸À, ËÆb ÅMl
¢LU£OKt ±s îö‰ §d«¸ «∞LU¡ «∞∑v ¢Lú≥U «∞Hö•U‹ ±s «∞MNd ´Mb
≈Ê «∞MNd ØAd¥UÊ √“∞v ∞∫OU… «∞LBd¥Os ˧b «∞∑d§LW «∞∂Bd¥W ≠v
∞Js ´MBd «ù∞NU «_Ø∂d ∞Lª∑U¸ ≥u ≤Nd «∞MOq Ë«∞∫OU… ´Kv ®U©μOt..
"«∞KIOW" Ë"≈¥e¥f" ˨Od≥LU.
Ë«∞d˱U≤v, ˱s ≥c« «∞FBd «_îOd «ß∑Iv ±ö±` °Fi ¢LU£OKt ±∏q
§LU∞OU¢t ´Kv √ßf ØößOJOW ¢L∑b •∑v ´Bd «∞M∫X «∞Ou≤U≤v
´Bd «∞MNCW •∑v ´Bd " ¸Ëœ«Ê " ≤∫U‹ ≠d≤ºU «_´Er, Ë√ßf
ËÆb «ß∑HUœ ±ª∑U¸ °ö®p ±s ≠s «∞M∫X «∞JößOJv ≠v √˸°U ±Mc
≠v Ë{l «∞MNu÷ °ºUÆOt «_±U±∑Os, ≠ªKo ±s «∞∏∂U‹ •dØW §b¥b…,
¥b≥U «∞OLMv ≠u‚ ¸√” √°v «∞Nu‰, «∞cÈ ¥L∏q «∞∏∂U‹, Ë≈Ê ØUÊ Æb §FKt
´MBd «∞∫dØW Ë≥v ¢d≠l «∞Dd•W ´s ˧NNU °Ob≥U «∞OºdÈ, Ë¢Cl
"•U±ö‹ «∞πd«¸"
ËÆb °Km –¸Ë… ≥cÁ «∞Le«Ë§W ≠v ¢L∏U‰ ≤NCW ±Bd, •OY ¢L∏q «∞Hö•W
«∞ºJu≤OW Ë¥πFKt - ≠v ≤Hf «∞uÆX - •LOr «∞BKW °U∞M∫X «∞LBdÈ,
ÆOr «∞∏∂U‹ ËÆOr «∞∫dØW ≠v ¢HU´q ´CuÈ ¥MQÈ °U∞∑L∏U‰ ´s ÅHW
«∞∫b¥Y ≠v «∞FU∞r, ËÆb ´Lq ´Kv •q ≥c« «∞∑MUÆi °U∞Le«Ë§W °Os
¥R±s °NU ±s √§q ±Bd, Ëô ¢∑u«ØV ±l «∞IOr «∞πLU∞OW ∞∫dØW «∞Hs
Ë«∞ºJuÊ ËÆKW «∞∫dØW, Ë≥v ßLU‹ ô ¢∑Ho ±l «∞LFU≤v «∞∫b¥∏W «∞∑v
Ë«∞Lu‹ £r «∞∂FY ≠v «∞FU∞r «üîd, ±LU √{Hv ´KOt ©U°FU ±s «∞∏∂U‹
Ë≥v √Ê ≥c« «∞Hs ØUÊ ¥ªb ´IOb… œ¥MOW ±FOMW, Ë¥d¢∂j °U∞DIu”
±s ±FU≤v «∞Iu… Ë«∞dßuŒ Ë«∞ªKuœ, ∞JMt Ë«§t ≠v –∞p ±AJKW §u≥d¥W,
ØUÊ «∞LMNq «_ˉ ∞Hs ±ª∑U¸ ≥u ¢d«À ±Bd «∞Hd´u≤OW, °LU ≠Ot
Ë«ô´∑e«“ «∞∫CU¸È Ë≠v ¢QØOb ÆOr «∞MNCW Ë«∞∑Ib ≤∫u ´Bd §b¥b.
«ùßJMb¸¥W ˨Od≥U .. Ë≥v §LOFU ¢BV ≠v ±FMv «ô≤∑LU¡ «∞LBdÈ
«_≥d«Â, Ë∞u•W "±b¸ßW «ùßJMb¸¥W" «∞LFdË{W °∂Nu ±∫U≠EW
°LπKf «∞Au¸È °U∞IU≥d… , Ë∞u•W " ¢MBOV «∞u«∞w" °L∑∫Ht °Dd¥o
±ª∑U¸, ±∏q ∞u•∑t «∞∫UzDOW «∞CªLW "±uØV ≈¥e¥f" «∞LFdË{W •U∞OUÎ
«∞cÈ ´∂d ≠v ∞u•U¢t «∞πb«¸¥W ´s Ø∏Od ±s «∞LFU≤v «∞∑v ®ÔGq °NU
˱∫Lb ≤U§v - ±Rßf ≠s «∞∑Bu¥d «∞LBdÈ «∞∫b¥Y (9881-6591)
«ô¸ß∑Id«©v ØS°s ∞dzOf «∞u“¸«¡ ∞OF∂d ≠v ∞u•U¢t ´s °ºDU¡ «∞AFV,
«∞∑AJOKOOs ±∏q ±∫Luœ ßFOb (7981-4691) «∞cÈ ¢∫d¸ ´s Ë{Ft
_±W ≤U≥CW ¢∑DKl ≈∞v «∞∫d¥W Ë«∞∑IbÂ, ØLU ØUÊ ¥u«Ø∂t °Fi «∞HMU≤Os
Ë√•Lb ®uÆv Ë•U≠k ≈°d«≥Or (≠v «∞AFd).. ÅU≤FOs ±MUîU ®U±ö
Ë«∞HJd) ËßOb œ¸Ë¥g Ë°Od «∞∑u≤ºv (≠v «∞LußOIv Ë«∞AFd «∞GMUzv)
∞DHv «∞ºOb Ë©t •ºOs Ë«∞FIUœ Ë¢u≠Oo «∞∫JOr Ë«∞LU“≤v (≠v «_œ»
Ë«∞LußOIv, ¥RØbËÊ §LOFU ≥cÁ «∞LFU≤v «∞u©MOW, ±s √±∏U‰ √•Lb
11
≤U∞NU ´UÂ 9291 ´s ¢L∏U‰ ´dË” «∞MOq"
"±Ob«∞OW ÅU∞uÊ «∞HMuÊ °∂U¸¥f
"≤Lu–à ¢L∏U‰ ßFb “¨Ku‰ °U_ßJMb¸¥W"
«∞∑Fu¥i «∞özo °t, ≠Q§U» ¸zOf «∞u“¸«¡: "≈Ê «∞Lπb Ë«∞HªU¸ «∞Kc¥s
±s «∞∫Bu‰ ´KONU , ËÆb ©U∞V °Fi «_´CU¡ ≠v «∞∂d∞LUÊ °Bd·
Ë¢MHOcÁ ∞K∑L∏U‰ «∞cÍ «ß∑Gd‚ £LU≤w ßMu«‹ , •∑v ¢MU“‰ ´s •It ¥QßU
∞r ¥∫Bq ±ª∑U¸ ´Kv ±JU≠Q¢t «∞L∑FUÆb ´KONU ±l «∞∫Ju±W ´s «°∑JU¸Á
7291, ˱l –∞p ∞r ¥eÕ ´Mt «∞º∑U¸ ≈ô °Fb –∞p °FU ¢Id¥∂U, ˱l ≥c«
√•πU¸ «∞πd«≤OX °Fb ≈•CU¸≥U îBOBU ±s √ßu«Ê ≠v √¨ºDf
°U¸¥f Ë¥∑∫bÀ ´MNU «∞MIUœ, •∑v «≤∑Nv ±s «∞∑L∏U‰ «∞cÈ ≤∫∑t ≠v
«∞L∑FUÆb ´KONU, ≠v «∞uÆX «∞cÈ ØU≤X ¢∑u«∞v ≤πU•U¢t ≠v ±FU¸÷
ËËÅq «_±d ≈∞v •b √Ê ÆDFX «∞∫Ju±W ´Mt ±JU≠Q¢t «∞ANd¥W «∞e≥Ob…
≠v ¢FDOq «∞FLq °t ßMu«‹ ´b… °Fb √Ê «Ø∑∑V «∞AFV ∞πLl ¢JU∞OHt,
Ë«ùœ«¸… «∞∫Ju±OW «∞∑v ´U¸{X ≈ÆU±W ¢L∏U‰ ≤NCW ±Bd, Ë¢º∂∂X
"¸√” ±Bd¥W"
ØuØ∂W ±s Ø∂U¸ «∞L∂b´Os ≠v «_œ» Ë«∞HJd Ë«∞AFd Ë«∞LºdÕ Ë«∞GMU¡
≈Ê ±∫Luœ ±ª∑U¸ - ≠v «∞∫IOIW - ∞r ¥Js Ë•bÁ, °q ØU≤X ±Ft
ô ¥e«‰ §U£LU ´Kv √¸÷ °öœÁ.
≥c« ¨Od ¢LU£OKt «∞LF∂d… ±∂U®d… ´s «∞∏u¸… «∞u©MOW {b «ô•∑ö‰ Ë≥u
«∞∫eÊ, •U¸” «∞∫Iu‰, «∞IOKu∞W, ¸¥UÕ «∞ªLUßOs, ØU¢LW «_ßd«¸...
ËÅLuœ≥U Ë´Lo √ßd«¸≥U, ±∏KLU ≤πb –∞p ≠v ¢LU£OKt: •U±ö‹ «∞πd«¸,
¢FDv «∞ªOd Ë¢∫d” «∞∂öœ, ±ÔF∂dΫ ´s ≤CU∞NU Ë√•e«≤NU ˱IU˱∑NU
«∞LBd¥W, Ë≠v ≤∫X ¢LU£Oq ¢Mr ´s «≤∫OU“Á ∞ú¨K∂OW «∞JUœ•W «∞∑v
´d≠u« Æb¸Á, ∞JMt - °bô ±s –∞p - «ß∑Gd‚ ≠v ¢LπOb «∞Hö•W
ËØUÊ ¥LJs √Ê ¥B∂` ≠MU≤U "îb¥u¥U" ¥Lπb «∞∫JU ˫_ÆDU´OOs «∞c¥s
≠Uß∑Mºa £LU≤OW ≤ºa √îdÈ °OFX §LOFU °ºFd «∞MºªW §MONUÊ –≥∂OUÊ,
≠∑r «Æ∑MUƒÁ ¥u «ô≠∑∑UÕ, Ë«≤NU‰ «∞DKV ´KOt ∞Ad«¡ ≤ºa √îdÈ ±Mt,
{r ±AU¸¥l «∞∑ªdà ±s «∞Lb¸ßW «≠∑∑∫t «∞ªb¥uÈ ´∂U” •KLv «∞∏U≤v,
«∞∂Kb, ËÆb ´d÷ ¢L∏Uô °FMu«Ê "®Oa «∞∂Kb" ´UÂ 1191 {Ls ±Fd÷
«∞HMuÊ «∞πLOKW ´s ®ªBOU‹ ±s «∞∑U¸¥a «∞Fd°v Ë´s ®ªBOW «°s
≈Ê ≥c« «∞u´v °b˸Á «∞u©Mv Æb ™Nd ±∂Jd« ≠v √´LU∞t °Lb¸ßW
«∞∫IOIW!
±JU≠Q… ±Uœ¥W!".. Ë√¥U ±U ØUÊ ÆBb ¸zOf «∞u“¸«¡ ≠Ib √ÅU» Ø∂b
√•d“≥LU ±ª∑U¸ °SÆU±W ¢L∏U∞t ≠v √Ø∂d ±OUœ¥s «∞FUÅLW ¥HuÆUÊ √È
"dB± rO∞UÆ√ WO∫¢ W¥¸«b§"
10
9
"¢L∏U‰ ≤NCW ±Bd"
«∞LπU‰, ËØUÊ √¥CU «∞ªd¥Z ¸Ær Ë«•b ±MNU ßMW 1191, •OY ØUÊ
«∞HMuÊ «∞πLOKW °U∞IU≥d… ∞bÈ ≈≤AUzNU ØQˉ ±b¸ßW °U∞Ad‚ ≠v ≥c«
ØUÊ ±ª∑U¸ ≥u «∞DU∞V ¸Ær Ë«•b «∞cÈ ¢Ib ∞ö∞∑∫U‚ °Lb¸ßW
ÅOGt §b¥b… ¢πLl °Os «∞∑d«À Ë«∞LFUÅd….
¥MFe‰ ´s §LU∞OU‹ «∞Hs «∞∫b¥Y ≠v √˸°U, °q ¥Ib ±s îö‰ ¢LU£OKt
±º∑KNLU ≠v –∞p §LU∞OU‹ Ë´ELW «∞M∫X «∞LBdÈ «∞Ib¥r, œËÊ √Ê
≠MUÊ ¥πºb «∞dËÕ «∞LBd¥W °U±∑b«œ≥U «∞∫CU¸È Ë¥∂F∏NU ±s ¸ÆUœ≥U,
«∞Hd≤ºOOs Ë«∞bË∞OOs Ë´LdÁ 92 ´U±U... Ë«_≥r ±s –∞p ØKt √≤t √ˉ
±AdË´t «∞LBGd) °BU∞uÊ °U¸¥f ´U 0291 ±∑HuÆU ´Kv ±μU‹ «∞HMU≤Os
±BdÈ ¥GeË √˸°U °HMt, ≠OHu“ °U∞πUze… «∞c≥∂OW ´s ≥c« «∞∑L∏U‰ (≠v
¢∂d´U‹ ®F∂OW Ë«ßFW, ®U¸„ ≠ONU «∞HId«¡ Æ∂q «_¨MOU¡, Ë≥u √ˉ ≠MUÊ
«_±W ∞∑MHOcÁ Ë≈ÆU±∑t °LOb«Ê ±∫DW ±Bd ´U 7291 ±s îö‰ •LKW
±Bd" «∞LAOÒb °J∑q ≥UzKW ±s «∞πd«≤OX, ËÆb ¢CU±MX Øq ©∂IU‹
´Bd «∞MNCW «∞LBd¥W «∞∫b¥∏W °Fb £u¸… 9191 °∑L∏U∞t «_®Nd " ≤NCW
Ë≥u √ˉ ≠MUÊ ¥d¢∂j «ßLt °∫dØW Ë©MOW ´U¸±W, Ë°U±∑b«œ≥U ≠v ≤ºOZ
±BdÈ ¥ENd °Fb √∞Hv ´UÂ ´Kv «≤b£U¸ «∞∫CU¸… «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW,
«∞e±UÊ - °Ußr «∞M∫U‹ ±∫Luœ ±ª∑U¸ (1981-4391), ≠Nu √ˉ ≤∫U‹
«¸¢∂DX ≤AQ… «∞∫dØW «∞HMOW «∞∫b¥∏W ≠v ±Bd - ±Mc ÆdÊ ±s
±s «∞∑u«Åq ±l §LU≥Od °KbÁ, ±s ≥MU îU÷ Åd«´U ±d¥d« ±l «∞ºKDW
«∞L∑FUÆb ´KONU, ËØUÊ ´Kv «ß∑Fb«œ ∞∑∫Lq √È ®v¡ ±U´b« √Ê ¥∫dÂ
«∞∫Ju±W ≠v Ë≠UzNU °U∞∑e«±U¢NU ¢πUÁ ¢MHOc √´LU∞t Ëßb«œ ±º∑∫IU¢t
≠∫d ±s √È ∞IV √Ë ±MBV √Ë £dË…, Ë¢Fd÷ ∞K∑πU≥q Ë∞KLLU©KW ±s
˧d ≥c« «∞LuÆn ´KOt ¨CV «∞LKp ≠R«œ «_ˉ ˸§U‰ «∞∫Ju±W,
˱IU˱W «∞Ge«….
Æu«´b≥U ßπö ∞K∑U¸¥a «∞LBdÈ Ë∞JHUÕ «∞AFV ≠v °MU¡ «∞∫CU¸…
ËÆU©FU, ≠Kr ¥J∑n °BMl «∞∑LU£Oq ∞e´Or «∞∫dØW «∞u©MOW, °q §Fq ±s
±u≥u» ∞KICOW «∞u©MOW, ˱s £r ØUÊ «≤∑LUƒÁ ≈∞v ¸±u“≥U Åd¥∫U
©u«‰ ´LdÁ «∞IBOd, °q _≤t ¬±s ±Mc ≠πd ®∂U°t °Q≤t ±Mc˸ ∞LBd,
≠Ij _≤t «°s ≠ö•Os √¢v ±s ±∫U≠EW «∞Gd°OW Ë™q ´Kv Ë≠Uzt ∞KId¥W
°u¸¢d¥NU‹ ∞Nr, ∞JMt ¬£d √Ê ¥MQÈ °MHºt ´s ≥cÁ «∞D∂IW ˸±u“≥U, ∞Of
¢MNU‰ ´KOt ±s «∞AªBOU‹ «∞Ld±uÆW ≠v «∞D∂IW «_¸ß∑Id«©OW ∞M∫X
°Lb¸ßW «∞HMuÊ «∞πLOKW ∞JMt ¢Hu‚ ´KONr §LOFU, ±LU §Fq «∞DK∂U‹
«_§U≤V «∞LIOLOs °NU, Ë°FCNr ØUÊ ±s √ßU¢c¢t «∞c¥s ¢FKr ´Kv ¥b¥Nr
≠v ±Bd îö‰ «∞∏KY «_ˉ ±s «∞IdÊ «∞FAd¥s •Jd« ´Kv «∞HMU≤Os
±Ob«≤OUÊ °U∞∂dË≤e ≠v Øq ±s «∞IU≥d… Ë«ùßJMb¸¥W, ËØUÊ ≠s «∞∂u¸¢d¥t
±s îö‰ ¢LU£OKt «∞d«zFW ∞ºFb “¨Ku‰ “´Or «_±W, ˱MNU ¢L∏UôÊ
îUÅW ∞LU ´d· ´Mt ±s ≈§Uœ… ∞Hs "«∞∂u¸¢d¥t", °Fb √Ê √Øb ¢HuÆt ≠Ot
√Ê ¥I∂q œË¸ ≠MUÊ «∞D∂IU‹ «∞d«ÆOW «∞cÈ ¥ªKb ®ªBOU¢NU °∑LU£OKt,
¬≤c«„ ±s «∞HId Ë«_±OW Ë«∞EKr «ô§∑LU´v, ˱FMv ≥c« «ô≤b±Uà ≥u
«ô≤b±UÃ ≠v ±π∑Ll «∞D∂IU‹ «∞FKOU ≠v «∞Lπ∑Ll, «∞cÈ ØUÊ ¥FU≤v
ËÆCOW Ë©Mt, ËØUÊ °ußFt √Ê ¥∑IKb «ßLv «_∞IU» (±∏q «∞∂p) ∞u Æ∂q
«∞∑v ¢ªdà ≠ONU Æ∂q ´Ad ßMu«‹, ∞JMt «´∑c¸ ±HCö √Ê ¥∑Hd⁄ ∞HMt
«∞IBUzb ∞û®Uœ… °t, Ë´Ôd÷ ´KOt ±MBV ´LOb ±b¸ßW «∞HMuÊ «∞πLOKW
Ë´Mb±U ´Uœ ≈∞v ±Bd «ß∑I∂K∑t «_±W ØKNU °∂U∞m «∞∑d•U», ËØÔ∑∂X
˱∫dØWÎ ù¸«œ¢t.
«∞ºMOs, ∞∑∂Iv œ«zLU ¸ËÕ √°v «∞Nu‰ ßUØMWÎ ≠v {LOd «∞AFV «∞LBdÈ
«∞d•Oq, ØLU ¸•KX ±s Æ∂q ¨eË«‹ «ß∑FLU¸¥W «•∑KX ±Bd ±μU‹
√Ê √È «ß∑FLU¸ ±NLU ´Er ÆNdÁ ∞û¸«œ… «∞LBd¥W ≠SÊ ±BOdÁ ≥u
±πb ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW «∞∑v ØUÊ ®U≥b« ´KONU ´∂d ¬ô· «∞ºMOs, °LU ¥FMv
°Ob≥U «_îdÈ ¢L∏U‰ √°v «∞Nu‰, ∞ONV °Iu¢t «_ßDu¸¥W Øv ¥º∑FOb
œ«zLU ¸±e« ∞LBd Ë≥v ¢JAn ´s ˧NNU «∞∫πU» °Ob, Ë¢º∑MNi
±Bd" ±RØbΫ ∞LFMv «∞B∫u… «∞u©MOW, ±s îö‰ «∞Hö•W «∞∑v «¢ªc≥U
°LdßLt ∞FLq ¢L∏U‰ ¥F∂d ´s ±AU´dÁ «∞u©MOW, ≠u∞b ¢L∏U∞t " ≤NCW
îö‰ «∞∫d» «∞FU∞LOW «_Ë∞v Ë°Fb≥U, Ë∞r ¥Js √±U±t ≈ô «∞FJu·
«∞∂d¥DU≤v, ∞JMt ∞r ¥∑LJs ±s «∞ºHd °º∂V «¸¢∂U„ •dØW «∞MIq «∞∂∫dÈ
¥∑∫d‚ ®uÆU ∞KFuœ… Ë«∞LAU¸ØW ≠v ≥c« «∞∫bÀ ≠v ±u«§NW «ôß∑FLU¸
≠∑d… œ¸«ß∑t, Ë´Mb±U ®∂X «∞∏u¸… «∞u©MOW ≠v ±Bd ´U 9191 ØUÊ
Ë«∞∫HUË… ±s «_ËßU◊ «∞HMOW, ±LU ®πFt ´Kv «ùÆU±W °NU °Fb «≤∑NU¡
ØLU‰ ±MAT «∞Lb¸ßW ˸«´ONU, Ë≥MU„ ≠v °U¸¥f ˧b «ô≥∑LUÂ
∞b¸«ßW «∞Hs ≠v √˸°U ≠v ≤Hf ´U ¢ªd§t ´Kv ≤HIW «_±Od ¥ußn
¢d¢O∂t «_ˉ ´Kv œ≠F∑t, Øc∞p ØUÊ √ˉ ≤∫U‹ ±BdÈ Ë´d°v ¥∂FY
«∞M∫U‹ ±∫Luœ ±ª∑U¸ ≠v ±μu¥W «∞HMuÊ «∞πLOKW °LBd
°FY ¸ËÕ «_±W °LM∫u¢U¢t «∞∫πd¥W
≠MUÊ Ë≤UÆb ¢AJOKv
œ. ´e «∞b¥s ≤πOV
±s ±M∑Bn ®Nd ß∂∑L∂d «∞IUœÂ ≈Ê ®U¡ «∞Kt.
´Kv √Ê ¥∂b√ «∞Lußr «∞∏IU≠w «∞∏U∞Y
¢KIw «∞L∫U{d«‹ «∞ºU´W 11 Å∂U•ÎU °IU´W «ôËœ¥∑u¸¥uÂ.
«ôÆ∑BUœ «∞LBdÍ «∞Ib¥r
6 √¨ºDf 8002
«∞HöÕ «∞LBdÍ «∞Ib¥r
03 ¥u∞Ou 8002
«∞ºKr Ë«∞∫d» ≠w ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW
61¥u∞Ou 8002
«∞LMU§r Ë«∞L∫U§d
9 ¥u∞Ou 8002
«∞LBd¥uÊ «∞Ib±U¡ Ë«∞∫HUÿ ´Kw «∞∂OμW
2 ¥u∞Ou 8002
«∞MU” ÅMUŸ «∞∫CU¸… ≠w ±Bd
81 ¥u≤OW 8002
«_ß∑U– «∞bØ∑u¸ ´∂b «∞∫KOr ≤u¸ «∞b¥s
¥KIONU
«∞∫CU¸… «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW
ßKºKW ±∫U{d«‹ ´U±W ´s
«∞Lußr «∞∏IU≠w «_£dÍ «∞∏U≤w ´s «∞∫CU¸… «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW
≠w ≈©U¸ ≤Ad «∞u´w °∑d«À ±Bd, ¢MEr ±J∑∂W «ùßJMb¸¥W
7
«∞LBd¥W «∞FU±W ∞KJ∑U» (4791Â).
≠w ±Bd, «∞πe¡ «_ˉ, «∞FBd «∞Hd´u≤w, «∞LJ∑∂W «∞Fd°OW, «∞NOμW
- √•Lb °bËÍ Ë§LU‰ «∞b¥s ±ª∑U¸, ¢U¸¥a «∞∑d°OW Ë«∞∑FKOr
°U∞IU≥d…, «∞∏IU≠W Ë«ù¸®Uœ «∞Iu±w («∞IU≥d…, 6831≥‡/6691Â).
±MAu¸…), «∞LJ∑∂W «∞Fd°OW, ´bœ 54, «∞b«¸ «∞Iu±OW ∞KD∂U´W Ë«∞MAd
- ´∂b «∞Fe¥e ÅU∞`, «∞∑d°OW Ë«∞∑FKOr ≠w ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW, (œØ∑u¸«Á
- Patrick Boylan, Thoth, The Hermes of Egypt, A Study
of Some Aspects of Theological Thought in Ancient
Egypt (Oxford, 1922; Ares Publishers, Inc., Chicago,
1979).
«ù∞t ≠w «∞LJ∑∂W".
Ë´Mb±U ¥Iu±uÊ °U∞e¥U¸… ¥ºπKuÊ ±Iu∞W: "ÆK∂w ®Gu· °J∑V
Ë∞Ib «´∑Uœ ±Ku„ ±Bd √Ê ¥Ô∂bË« «∞J∏Od ±s «∞FMU¥W ∞LJ∑∂U‹ «∞LFU°b,
œ¥u«Ê «∞LJ∑∂W
Ë«∞∑u“¥l («∞IU≥d…, 0991).
«∞∫OU… (¸ßU∞W ±U§º∑Od ≠w «∞∑U¸¥a «∞Ib¥r ±MAu¸…), «∞Fd°w ∞KMAd
- ߇LOd √œ¥‡V, ±d•KW «∞∑FKOr «∞FU∞w ≠w ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW œË¸
- C. J. Bleeker, in: Hathor and Thoth, E. J. Brill (Leiden,
1973), 106-160.
°p ¥U §ö∞W «∞LKp ≠w «∞LJ∑∂W ∞∑d«§l ±U ¢AU¡".
±s Æ∂q ±b¥d «∞LJ∑∂W «∞cÍ ¢∫bÀ ≠w •Cd… «∞LKp ÆUzöÎ: "±d•∂ÎU
«∞Ib¥LW ∞û∞t "¬¢uÂ" ∞OFd· √Ø∏d ´s ¢UßuŸ ≥KOu°u∞Of, ≠Uß∑ÔI∂q
(±s «_ßd… 31) √¸«œ √Ê ¥d«§l °Fi «∞LFKu±U‹ ´s «∞J∑U°U‹
Ë∞JMNU ±JUÊ ∞K∂∫Y. Ë≤Fd· ±s √•b «∞MBu’ √Ê «∞LKp "≤Hd•∑V"
¥Js ±IBu¸Î« ´Kv •Hk «∞J∑V, Ë«∞ºLUÕ ∞KeË«¸ °Uô©öŸ ´KONU,
≥Jc« ØU≤X «∞LJ∑∂W ≠w –∞p «∞e±s «∞Ib¥r ¢KFV œË¸Î« ®U±öÎ ∞r
≠w ≥c« «∞LOb«Ê.
4- ±b «∞LFMOOs °∂Fi ≠dËŸ «∞FKr (ØU∞DV Ë«∞NMbßW) °U∞πb¥b
îö‰ ±b¸ßOs ±∑LOe¥s.
3- ¢FKOr ±u{u´U‹ œ≤Ou¥W Ëœ¥MOW ∞∂Fi «∞∑ö±Oc «∞u«´b¥s ±s
«∞Lπ∑Ll «∞L∫Oj °NU.
2- ±LU¸ßW √≤ADW £IU≠OW œ«îq «∞LJ∑∂W ËîU¸§NU ∞KuÅu‰ ≈∞v
1- •Hk «∞J∑V Ë«∞u£Uzo.
¥LJs ¢∫b¥b œË¸ «∞LJ∑∂W ≠OLU ¥Kw:
œË¸ «∞LJ∑∂W
«∞Fbœ «∞ºU°l (1002), ’ 511-161.
´KLOW ±∫JLW ¢Bb¸≥U ØKOW «üœ«» ≠dŸ œ±MNu¸-§U±FW «ùßJMb¸¥W,
«∞b¥MO‡W Ë«∞b≤Ou¥‡W ≠‡w ±B‡d «∞Ib¥L‡Wˆ, ≠w: «ù≤º‡U≤OU‹, œË¸¥W
- ≠U¥‡e… ±∫Luœ ÅI‡d, «ù∞‡t Ç•‡u¢w ˜˸Á ≠‡w «∞LF∑I‡b«‹
- Herbert Spieß, Der Aufstieg eines Gottes,
Untersuchungen zum Gott Thot bis zum Beginn des
Neuen Reiches, Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde
des Doktors der Philosophie der Universität Hamburg,
Gutachter: Prof. Dr. H. Altenmüller & Prof. Dr. D. Kurth,
Disputation: 24. April 1991, 9.30 Uhr (Hamburg, 1991).
«∞LKp Ë«_ßd… «∞LU∞JW ËØ∂U¸ ¸§U‰ «∞bË∞W.
Ë¢Ib¥dΫ ∞KLJ∑∂U‹ Ë∞KFU±KOs ≠ONU ØUÊ ¥ºL` ∞Lb¥d «∞LJ∑∂W °LIU°KW
«∞Lö¥Os ±s «∞J∑V".
¥Iu‰ ÅU•V «∞∂dœ¥W: "√´Og ≠w œ«¸ «∞J∑V «∞∑w ¢∫uÍ
¢Kp Æb ˧b‹ ≠w ±J∑∂W «∞LF∂b, Ë≠w ≈•bÈ °dœ¥U‹ ±∑∫n "¢u¸¥s"
ËØU≤X «∞MBu’ ¢AOd °Os «∞∫Os Ë«üîd ≈∞v √Ê ≥cÁ «∞J∑U°U‹ √Ë
"ßAU‹" ≈∞NW «∞J∑U°W ¢uÅn °Q≤NU "«∞∑w ¢∑Bb¸ «∞LJ∑∂W".
Ë«∞FU±KOs, Ë«ü∞NW Ë«ù∞NU‹ «∞LFMOW °Q±d «∞LJ∑∂W. ËØU≤X «ù∞NW
Ë£OIW ¢MUË∞X «∞LHdœ«‹ «∞b«∞W ´KONU, Ë«∞LuÆl, Ë«∞L∫∑u¥U‹,
Ë∞Ib °Km ´bœ «∞u£Uzo «∞∑w √®U¸‹ ≈∞v «∞LJ∑∂U‹ √Ø∏d ±s 022
≈∞v √Ê √ßd«¸ «ù∞NW "≈¥e¥f" ¢u§b ≠w œ«¸ «∞J∑V.
ÆBd √Ë ≤BV ¢cØU¸Í ≠w ±F∂b". Ë√®U¸‹ «∞MBu’ Øc∞p
ÆOLW ±s °OX √Ë ±s ±IBu¸… ≠w «∞Gd», ≈≤t √£Ls ±s
Ë«∞LJ∑∂U‹, ≠Nc« •JOr ¥Iu‰ ô°Mt: "≈Ê Ø∑U°ÎU Ë«•bΫ ¥F∑∂d √Ø∏d
Ë∞Ib √®U¸ «_œ» «∞LBdÍ ≠w ±u«{l ´b… ≈∞v √≥LOW «∞J∑V
˱Mn °L∏U°W ±dØe¥s £IU≠OOs Ë¢FKOLOOs ≥U±Os.
«∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW ≠w «∞IU≤uÊ Ë«∞HKp Ë«∞NMbßW, ËØU≤X ≥KOu°u∞Of
Ë°O∑U§u¸”, Ë√≠ö©uÊ) ¢FKLu« Ø∏OdΫ ´s ±Bd ±s îö‰ «∞LJ∑∂U‹
«_©∂U¡. Ë∞Ib ¢FKr ≠ößHW Ë´KLU¡ «∞Ou≤UÊ (±∏q ßu∞uÊ, Ë¢U∞Of,
(≈•bÈ ±K∫L∑w «∞AU´d ≥u±OdË”) √Ê ±Bd ¢F∑∂d ±dØeΫ _≠Cq
Ë«∞b¥U≤W, Ë«∞∑d±Or, Ë«∞πu«≤V «∞FºJd¥W. Ë∞Ib ˸œ ≠w «_Ëœ¥ºU
´Ku «∞HKp, Ë«∞DV, Ë«∞BOb∞W, Ë«∞d¥U{OU‹, Ë«∞∑U¸¥a, Ë«∞∑∫MOj,
ØU≤X «∞LJ∑∂U‹ «∞LBd¥W ¢eîd °U∞Fb¥b ±s «∞LªDu©U‹ ≠w
«∞FKu ˫∞LFU¸· «∞∑w ¢CLNU «∞LJ∑∂W
«ü£U¸ (§U±FW «∞IU≥d…, 6241≥‡/6002 Â).
ƺr «ü£U¸ «∞LBd¥W, ≈®d«·: √.œ/ ´∂b «∞∫KOr ≤u¸ «∞b¥s, ØKOW
≤NU¥‡W «∞FBd «∞Ou≤‡U≤w-«∞d˱‡U≤w, ¸ßU∞W œØ∑u¸«Á ¨Od ±MAu¸… ±s
≠w «∞FI‡Uz‡b «∞b¥MO‡W «∞Ib¥L‡W, ±M‡c °b«¥‡W «∞FB‡u¸ «∞∑U¸¥ªO‡W Ë•∑v
- ≈¥MU” °Nw «∞b¥s ´∂b «∞MFOr, «∞LF∂‡uœ… ߇A‡U‹ ˜˸≥‡U
- Jaylan Said Abd El-Hakeem, Thoth, The Master of ElAshmunein, A Comparative Study with the god Hermes,
M.A. Thesis under supervision of Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Abdelhalim Nureldin and Prof. Dr. Enayat Mohamed
Ahmed, Guiding Department, Faculty of Tourism and
Hotels, Alexandria University (Alexandria, 2004).
¢d±Or".
≤h ¥Iu‰: "≈Ê ±J∑∂W «∞LKp Æb ¢b≥u¸‹ Ë°∫U§W ≈∞v
Ë_Ê «∞LBd¥Os ØU≤u« ¸Ë«œÎ« ≠w ±πU‰ «∞∑d±Or Ë«∞∫Hk, ≠NMU„
sgnidaeR rehtruF
Ë¢ÔJ∑ºV ±MNU «∞LFU¸·.
ËØU≤X «∞LJ∑∂U‹ ≥w «∞Ld«Øe «∞dzOºOW «∞∑w ¥Ô º ∑Iv ±MNU «∞FKr
¥LJs ∞K∫CU¸… «∞LBd¥W √Ê ¢∫Io ≥c« «ù°b«Ÿ œËÊ ´Kr ˱Fd≠W,
ËØU≤X •IOIW Ë«{∫W Æ∂q ™Nu¸ «∞LJ∑∂U‹ «∞Ou≤U≤OW °J∏Od, ˱U ØUÊ
≥Jc« ØU≤X «∞LJ∑∂U‹ ´ö±W °U¸“… ´Kv ©d¥o «∞∫CU¸… «∞LBd¥W,
6
≠KJOW, Ë´Kv §U≤∂w «∞Lbîq ≤dÈ ¢L∏OöÎ ∞û∞NW "ßAU‹" ≈∞NW
´Kv £LU≤OW √ßU©Os ¢Kw ÅU∞W «_´Lb…, Ë¥eîd ßIHNU °LMU™d
«∞d«±ºOu ∞KLKp ¸±ºOf «∞∏U≤w, Ë≥w ´∂U¸… ´s ÅU∞W ¥Iu ßIHNU
Ë«∞b¥MOW. Ë∞Fq ±s √≠Cq √±∏KW ±J∑∂U‹ «∞LFU°b ±J∑∂W ±F∂b
ØU≤X «∞LJ∑∂W ¢Il ≠w «∞LFU°b Ë«∞IBu¸ Ë«∞LRߺU‹ «∞∑FKOLOW
±uÆl «∞LJ∑∂W
ØU≤X ≥w «∞LQËÈ «∞dzOºw ∞KLJ∑∂U‹.
≈œ≠u Ë≠OKt Ë«∞Duœ, Ë¥∑C` ±s «∞MBu’ «∞LBU•∂W √Ê «∞LFU°b
√œË«‹ «∞J∑U°W ËÆb ´∏d ´Kv ±MU™d ±LU£KW °∫πr √ÅGd ≠w ±FU°b
«∞J∑U°W, Ë«ù∞t "Ç•u¢w", ≈∞v §U≤V «∞LKp ¸±ºOf «∞∏U≤w, ¥∫LKuÊ
±ªDu©W ¢LU¸¥s ¸¥U{OW
5
«∞Ou±w ∞KLu™HOs, ËØUÊ ¥∫Lq √∞IU°ÎU ±NLW √îdÈ.
Ë≥u «∞cÍ ¥Ad· ´Kv «∞LJ∑∂U‹, Ë¥d«§l «∞∑ºπOq Ë«∞∫Hk Ë«∞FLq
3- ±H∑g œ«¸ «∞J∑V:t3dm-rp dhs(ß∫ê °d-±âU‹):
œ¥u«Ê «∞J∑∂W
Ë¥N∑r °∑b¸¥∂Nr ´Kv «∞J∑U°W Ë«∞∑ºπOq Ë•Hk «∞LªDu©U‹.
¥uÅn °Q≤t √Ø∏d ¢FKOLÎU ˱NU¸… °Os «∞J∑∂W, ËØUÊ ¥d«ÆV ´Lq «∞J∑∂W,
≥c« «∞KIV √∞IU°ÎU ±NLW, ±∏q "«∞IU{w" Ë"•UØr «∞LIU©FW". ËØUÊ
¥F∑∂d ®U¨q ≥cÁ «∞u™OHW ®ªBOW ±d±uÆW, •OY •Lq ≈∞v §U≤V
2- ±H∑g «∞J∑∂W: ss dhs (ß∫‡ê- ßg):
Ë«∞cÍ ¥Fd· Øq ∞HUzn «∞∂dœÍ ≠w œ«¸ «∞J∑V".
ËØUÊ «∞JU¢V ≠w "œ«¸ «∞J∑V" ¥uÅn °Q≤t "«∞cÍ ¥Fd· Øq ®w¡,
«∞JU¢V «∞Hdœ «_ˉ ≠w √´CU¡ «∞LJ∑∂W
Ë≥u «∞Lºμu‰ ´s îb±U‹ «∞LJ∑∂W.
≈ °d- ±âU‹):
9- îUœÂ œ«¸ «∞J∑V:t3dm-rp m sc-mds (ßâ‡r- ´g
Ë≥u «∞Lºμu‰ ´s ¢BMOn «∞J∑V.
8- √±Os «∞LJ∑∂W: t3dm yri (≈¥dÍ- ±âU‹):
Ë≥u «∞LFMw °U_ßd«¸ «∞b¥MOW, «∞D∂OW Ë«∞FKLOW ≠w «∞LJ∑∂W.
t3dm rp m 3tss-yrh (•dÍ- ßA∑U ≈ °d ±âU‹):
7- «∞LAd· ´Kv «_ßd«¸ ≠w œ«¸ «∞J∑V:
«∞LKp, ˸zOf ≠d¥o «∞FLq °U∞IBd «∞LKJw.
ØU≥s (ms) ≠w ±F∂b «∞∑∫MOj, Ë«∞JU¢V «∞LKJw, Ë•U±q î∑r
√°d“ ®ªBOU‹ «∞LJ∑∂W, ≠JUÊ ¥∫Lq √∞IU°ÎU √îdÈ ±NLW, ±∏q
°d- ±âU‹):
6- ¸zOf «∞LJ∑∂W: t3dm-rp m pt-yrh (•dÍ- ¢V ≈Â
«ù®d«· ´Kv «∞MBu’ «∞b¥MOW.
Ë≥u «∞LKr °Jq «∞πu«≤V «∞b¥MOW Ë«_ßU©Od, ËØUÊ ¥∑∫Lq ±ºμu∞OW
±‡âU‹):
5- ØU≥s œ«¸ «∞J∑V: t3dm-rp rtn-mh (•r- ≤∏d °d±FKu±U‹.
ØUÊ ¥Ad· ´Kv î∑r ∞HUzn «∞∂dœÍ ∞CLUÊ ßö±W ±U ≠ONU ±s
î∑r °d- ±âU‹):
4- ±H∑g √î∑U œ«¸ «∞J∑V: t3dm-rp mth dhs (ß∫‡ê
4
11-Cf. Wb.V, 338:7-8.
10-Wb.IV,36:11.
9-Wb.IV,36:5 f.
8-Wb.V,349:16-18.
7-Wb.IV,461:11-17.
6-Wb.IV,418:10-419:19.
5-Wb.III,476:16-479:9;ef.478:18-19 f.
4-Wb.III,460:1-5
72 ‚.Â), Ë™q ¥ÔcØd ≠w «∞MBu’ «∞LBd¥W •∑v ±M∑Bn «∞IdÊ
Ë∞Ib ´d· «∞LBDK` )t3dm-rp( ±Mc «_ßd… «∞∏U∞∏W («∞IdÊ
- ±JUÊ «∞J∑U°W: (ßX - ßAu), "wss ts".
- °OX «∞J∑U°W: (°d- ßAu), "wss rp".
- °OX Ø∑U» «∞IBd:(°d- ±‡â«‹-°d- ´U),"3c-rp t3dm-rp".
- °OX Ø∑U» «ù∞t: (°d- ±‡â«‹- ≤∏d), " rtn t3dm-rp".
- °OX «∞J∑U»: (°d- ±‡â«‹), "-t3dm-rp".
ØLU √®Od ∞KLJ∑∂U‹ °U∞LBDK∫U‹ «∞∑U∞OW:
-)tT( " £X", Ë¢FMw: Ø∑U°ÎU )skoob fo ssertsim(.11
-)fc9,it.piS( "ßO∂∑w, ´n", Ë¢FMw: Ø∑U°ÎU ´s ±∫∑u¥U‹ ±F∂b.01
«∞J∑V ∞∑B∂` √±OMÎU ∞KJ∑V".
√œ» «∞MBO∫W ¥Iu‰ «∞Lb¸” ∞∑KLOcÁ: "Øs ØU¢∂ÎU ±U≥dΫ ≠w œ«¸
Ë≥u «∞Lºμu‰ ´s «∞J∑U°W, Ë«∞Mºa, ËÆd«¡… «∞LªDu©U‹. Ë≠w ≈©U¸
1- «∞JU¢V: ss (ßg):
Ë≥r:
œ¸§U¢Nr «∞u™OHOW •ºV ©∂OFW ´LKNr.
ËØU≤X «∞LJ∑∂W ¢Ôb«¸ ±s îö‰ ±πLu´W ±s «∞Lu™HOs, Ë¢ª∑Kn
9- ¬¢u 01- ¬±uÊ 11- ßX 21- îMuÂ
4- ±U´X 5- °Uß∑X 6- Ç•u¢v 7- •u¸ 8- √Ë“¥d
1- "ßAU‹" ≈∞NW «∞J∑U°W 2- ≈¥e¥f 3- •U¢∫u¸
«ü∞NW Ë«ù∞NU‹ «∞LFMOW °Q±d «∞LJ∑∂U‹:
±F∂b ˱J∑∂W «∞d«±ºOuÂ
-)w3t( "£UË", Ë¢FMw: Ø∑U°ÎU.8
-)wdfS( "®HbË", Ë¢FMw: "°dœÍ" ØQœË«‹ Ø∑U°W √Ë ØJ∑U».7
-)t.cS( "®FX", Ë¢FMw: îDU°ÎU √ËØ∑U°ÎU œ¥MOÒÎU.6
-)hs, sS("ßg,ßm", Ë¢FMw: Ø∑U°W √ËØ∑U°ÎU.5
-)nnS( "ßMs", Ë¢FMw: Ø∑U°ÎU.4
Ë≠w ÆBu¸ ±∏q "ÆBd «∞LKp √±M∫u¢V «∞∏U∞Y".
Ë°u≥s, Ë≠w ±FU°b Ø∏Od… ±∏q "«∞d«±ºOuÂ, Ë≈œ≠u, Ë≠OKW, Ëœ≤b¸…",
Ë√ßu«Ê, Ë«∞∂d®U, ËÆHj, Ë√°ObË”, ˱Od, Ë«∞∫u«Ë¥g, Ë√°u ßL∂q,
ßIU¸…, Ë«∞πOe…, Ë√°u ÅOd, ˱Mn, Ë¢q °ºDW, Ë√ßOu◊, Ë¢U≤Of,
«_ˉ «∞LOöœÍ. ËÆb ˸œ ≥c« «ôÅDöÕ ≠w ±FU°b ˱IU°d ≠w
3
3-Wb.11,192:16..
2-Wb.11,187:5 ff.
1-Wb.1,208:17-19.
¢ªDOj œ«¸ «∞∫OU… ≠w ±b¥MW √îMU¢uÊ
«∞ºU°IW.3
- )t.ddM( "±âœ‹",Ë¢FMw: Ø∑U°Î U Ë≥w Ø∑U°W ±∑Qîd… ∞KJKLW
-)t.3dM( "±âU‹", Ë¢FMw: Ø∑U°ÎU √Ë ∞HW °dœÍ.2
∞Kb«¸ßOs °Uô©öŸ ´KONU.
Ë«_Ëß∑d«ØU ØU≤X ¢∫Hk °FMU¥W ≠w ±JUÊ ¬±s ˱πNe °AJq ¥ºL`
«∞J∑V ≠w ´Bd≤U «∞∫b¥Y. Ë≥cÁ «∞u£Uzo ËîBuÅÎU ∞HUzn «∞∂dœÍ
«∞πOdÍ) ˨Od≥U ±s ±u«œ «∞J∑U°W, Ë«∞∑w ¢F∑∂d ≠w “±MNU °L∏U°W
«∞LºπKW ´Kv «∞∂dœÍ Ë«_Ëß∑d«ØU(غd«‹ ±s «∞HªU¸ √Ë «∞∫πd
- ±U ØUÊ ¥LJs √Ê ¢∫bÀ œËÊ ≈∞LU ®U±q °U∞FKu ˫∞LFU¸·
±OUœ¥s ±ª∑KHW (ØU∞FKuÂ, Ë«üœ«», Ë«∞LFU¸·, Ë«∞Hs, Ë«∞FLU¸…, ≈∞a)
√ËôÎ: ¢Kp «ù≤πU“«‹ «∞J∂Od… «∞∑w •II∑NU «∞∫CU¸… «∞LBd¥W ≠w
«∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW _ß∂U» Ø∏Od…, ±s °OMNU:
Ë«∞u«Æl √Ê ±U –ØdÁ "√Ë∞s œ«‰" ∞Of °bÆOo °Bbœ «∞∫CU¸…
Æ∂q «∞FBd «∞NOKOMº∑w".
"≤∫s ô ≤Fd· ®OμUÎ ´s «∞LJ∑∂U‹ ≠w ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW
lleD nelhU (Ë≥u ±s √≥r «∞LR¸îOs ∞∑U¸¥a «∞LJ∑∂U‹) Æb –Ød:
ykztesseW ≠w Ø∑U°t «∞cÍ ≤A‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡d ´U 7791 √Ê √Ë∞‡‡‡‡s œ«‰
Ë≠w Ø∑U°t ´s «∞LJ∑∂U‹ ≠w ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW –Ød ≠º∑eØw
˨Od≥U.
±s ≠dËŸ «∞FKr Ë«∞LFd≠W ≠w «∞FKu ˫üœ«» Ë«∞HMuÊ Ë«∞FLU¸… Ë«∞b¥U≤W
Ë«∞LFd≠W, Ë´Kv ¸√ßNU «∞LJ∑∂W «∞∑w ¢Cr °Os §M∂U¢NU Øq ±U √±Js
°U∞FKr Ë«∞FKLU¡ Ë«∞∂U•∏Os Ë«∞b«¸ßOs, Ë¢NOT ∞Nr Øq √œË«‹ «∞FKr
ßOb¸„ ∞Ku≥KW «_Ë∞v √Ê √±W °NcÁ «ù≤πU“«‹ ô°b √≤NU ØU≤X ¢N∑r
≈Ê «∞LDKl ´Kv ≈≤πU“«‹ «∞∫CU¸… «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW ô°b √≤t
-)t.rc("´d‹", Ë¢FMw: Ø∑U°ÎU ±s «∞∂dœÍ √Ë «∞πKb.1
«∞LHdœ«‹ «∞b«∞W ´Kv ±FMv "Ø∑U»":
˱ªDu©W..≈∞a".
˸œ‹ ≠w «∞KGW «∞LBd¥W ∞Kbô∞W ´Kv "Ø∑U», Ë∞HW °dœÍ,
Ë∞Of √œ‰ ´Kv √≥LOW «∞J∑V ØQœ«… ∞K∑FKOr ±s Ø∏d… «∞LHdœ«‹ «∞∑w
«∞∑w Ë{FX ≠w «∞LFU°b Ë«∞IBu¸ Ë«∞LRߺU‹ «∞b¥MOW Ë«∞∑FKOLOW.
¥∑u§Nu« ≈∞v «∞LJ∑∂U‹ «∞JUzMW ´Kv √¸÷ ±Bd ∞ö©öŸ ´Kv «∞u£Uzo
´Kv ±∑U°FW ≈≤πU“«‹ «∞∫CU¸… «∞LBd¥W, ˱s £r ØUÊ ô°b ±s √Ê
Ë«∞LHJd¥s Ë«∞FKLOOs Ë«∞HMU≤Os ØU≤u« ¥∫dÅuÊ ´Mb “¥U¸¢Nr ∞LBd
≈Ê «∞LDKl ´Kv «∞LBUœ¸ «∞Ou≤U≤OW ßu· ¥dÈ √Ê «∞HößHW «∞Ou≤U≤OOs
«∞Ib¥LW Ë«∞∫b¥∏W Ë≠w Øq «_±UØs.
°NU, ≠SÊ ≥cÁ «∞LMAQ… ¢FU±q ØLJ∑∂W °Jq «∞LHU≥Or ≠w «_“±UÊ
´s •πr ±∂Mv «∞LJ∑∂W Ë«∞∑ºNOö‹ «∞∑w ¢Ib±NU Ë√´b«œ «∞J∑V
≥Jc« ØUÊ «∞∫U‰ °U∞Mº∂W ∞KLJ∑∂U‹ ≠w ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW. Ë°Gi «∞MEd
Ë´d{ÎU ∞NU, Ë¢u£OIÎU Ë≠d¥o ´Lq..≈∞a.
√Ë "«∞LJ∑∂W". Ë«∞LJ∑∂U‹ ≠w Øq ±JUÊ Ë“±UÊ ¢∑DKV ¢BMOHÎU ∞KJ∑V
"t3dm-rp", Ë≥u «∞cÍ ¥IU°q ≠w ±BDK∫U¢MU «∞∫b¥∏W "œ«¸ «∞J∑V"
£U∞∏ÎU: ≈Ê «∞LJUÊ «∞cÍ ØUÊ ¥Cr «∞J∑V °Os §M∂U¢t ØUÊ ¥Fd· °Ußr
«∞FKr Ë«∞LFd≠W Ë«ù°b«Ÿ.
«∞u«ÆFW, √ô Ë≥w ˧uœ «∞LJ∑∂U‹ ´Kv √¸÷ ±Bd ∞∑d´v Øq ≠dËŸ
«∞Fb¥b… «∞∑w ¥AGKNU «∞FU±KuÊ ≠w «∞LJ∑∂W, ËØKNU ¢RØb ≥cÁ «∞∫IOIW
¢F∂d ´s «∞LJ∑∂W Ëœ«¸ «∞u£Uzo Ë«∞J∑V, Ë√±MU¡ «∞LJ∑∂W, Ë«∞u™Uzn
£U≤OÎU: ≈Ê «∞KGW «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW •HKX °U∞J∏Od ±s «∞LHdœ«‹ «∞∑w
˱º∑AU¸ ±J∑∂W «_ßJMb¸¥W
√ß∑U– «∞KGW «∞LBd¥W - ØKOW «ü£U¸ - §U±FW «∞IU≥d…
√.œ. ´∂b «∞∫KOr ≤u¸ «∞b¥s
«∞LJ∑∂W ≠w ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW
œ. ±∫Lb °NU¡ «∞b¥s ±∫Lb §LU‰ «∞b¥s
«∞FLd«≤w ≠w «∞IU≥d… «∞HU©LOW
´öÆW «∞∫dØW «∞∑πU¸¥W °U∞∫Oe
32
√.œ. {∫v ±∫Luœ ±BDHv
Ë•∑v ≤NU¥W «∞bË∞W «∞∫b¥∏W
«∞Ib¥LW ±Mc √Æb «∞FBu¸
√≥r ±ö±` «∞FLU¸… «∞LBd¥W
´e «∞b¥s ≤πOV
ØU¢∂ONU.
¢u§t «∞MU®d √Ë ¸zOf «∞∑∫d¥d °q ¢F∂d ´s ¢u§t ˸√È
> «ü¸«¡ «∞u«¸œ… ≠v ≥cÁ «∞LD∂u´W ô ¢F∂d °U∞Cd˸… ´s
≈ô °S–Ê Ø∑U°v ±s «∞MU®d.
> ¥∫Ed ≈´Uœ… «∞MAd √Ë «∞Mºa √Ë «ôÆ∑∂U” °QÈ Åu¸…
> •Iu‚ «∞MAd Ë«∞D∂U´W ±∫Hu™W ∞K∫CU¸… ∞KMAd.
«∞∫CU¸… ∞KMAd
±μu¥W «∞HMuÊ «∞πLOKW °LBd
«∞M∫U‹ ±∫Luœ ±ª∑U¸ ≠v
«∞∫πd¥W
°FY ¸ËÕ «_±W °LM∫u¢U¢t
51
9
©
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«∞∫CU¸… ∞KMAd
«∞MU®d
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√±πb ¸≠U´v
¸zOf «∞∑∫d¥d
¢U¸¥a ˬ£U¸ Ë¢d«À ±Bd
«∞Fbœ «∞∏U≤v - ±U¥u 8002
√.œ. ´∂b «∞∫KOr ≤u¸ «∞b¥s
«∞LJ∑∂W ≠w ±Bd «∞Ib¥LW
3
≠v ≥c« «∞Fbœ :
The Heritage of Egypt
©d¥o «∞LFd≠W.
¸•q "°d¥º∑b" ´s ´U∞LMU ¢U¸ØU ˸«zt ≈¸£U ô ¥LJs ≤ºOU≤t, Ëß∑Eq –Ød«Á œ«zLU ±FMU, ≠w Øq ØKLW Ø∑∂NU, ô ¥e«‰ ¥º∑d®b °NU ©U∞V ´Kr Æb √{U¡ ∞t ±d…
≥u "§uÊ ±U£Ou" ´s Ø∑U°t "¸•KW £Ou≠U≤Of- «∞FöÆU‹ «∞∑πU¸¥W Ë«∞∫OU… «∞Ou±OW ≠w «∞Ad‚ «∞d˱U≤w".
±s §U±FW "≤u¸À ØU∞u¸¥MU" ´s ±R∞Ht "≠w «∞∂∫Y ´s «∞∑U¸¥a - œ¸«ßW ¢U¸¥ªOW ´s «∞FU∞r «∞Ib¥r Ë√Åu‰ «∞∑U¸¥a «∞∑u¸«¢w", ˬîd ±s •Bq ´KONU ´U 7002
≥MdÍ °d¥º∑b" _≠Cq ±R∞n °Uù≤πKOe¥W ¥∑MUˉ «∞∑U¸¥a «∞Ib¥r ≈∞v ±U Æ∂q 0001 ±Oöœ¥W .ØUÊ √ˉ ±s •Bq ´Kv «∞πUze… ´U 5891 ≥u "§uÊ ≠UÊ ßO∑d“"
Ë≠v ´U 5891, ÆU "§u“¥n ∞ußu”" ´Cu «∞πLFOW «∞∑U¸¥ªOW «_±d¥JOW - Ë«∞∑w ¸√ßNU "°d¥º∑b" ´U 8291- °∑ªBOh §Uze… ßMu¥W ¢∫Lq «ßr "§OLf
«∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW.
°‡ "¸ØHu¸œ", ØLU ¢r Ë{l ±ºKW ±d±d¥W ≠u‚ Æ∂dÁ, Ë«∞∑w √≥b¢NU «∞∫Ju±W «∞LBd¥W ≠w –∞p «∞uÆX ¢Ib¥d« ±MNU ∞LU ÆU °t ≥c« «∞FU∞r «∞πKOq ±s «§q «∞∫CU¸…
¢u≠v "§OLf ≥MdÍ °d¥º∑b" °Ld÷ "–«‹ «∞dzW" îö‰ ´uœ¢t ±s ≈•bÈ ¸•ö¢t ∞LBd ≠w «∞∏U≤w ±s œ¥ºL∂d ´U 5391, Ë¢r œ≠Mt ≠w §∂U≤W "§d¥MuËœ"
«∞u©MOW ∞KFKuÂ".
ØUÊ ∞‡"°d¥º∑b" ®d· √Ê ¥JuÊ ´Kv ¸√” √ˉ °F∏W •HUzd √£d¥W ∞πU±FW ®OJU¨u °LBd ´U 9191, ØLU ¢r ¢d®O∫t ´U 2391 ∞OJuÊ ´Cu« ≠w "«ôØUœ±OW
«∞Ib¥LW ∞LBd" «∞∑w ≤Ad≥U ≠w îLºW ±πKb«‹ ´U 6091 , ˧Ll ≠ONU "°d¥º∑b" ¢d§L∑t «ô≤πKOe¥W ∞Jq ≤h Æb¥r ±FdË· •∑v ¢U¸¥a Åb˸ «∞Lußu´W.
«∞Ib¥r, ËØ∑U°W «∞LR∞HU‹ «∞FKLOW ´MNU, Ë«∞∑w ¥Fb ±s √≥LNU Ø∑U°t "¢U¸¥a ±Bd ±Mc √Æb «∞FBu¸ •∑v «∞GeË «∞HU¸ßw", Ë´LKt «∞Ld§Fw «∞d«zl "«∞∑ºπOö‹
ØUÊ "°d¥º∑b" ´Kv œ¸«¥W °U∞KGW «∞LBd¥W «∞Ib¥LW, Ë«∞Ou≤U≤OW, ËØc« «∞F∂d¥W Ë«∞Fd°OW, ±LU √¢UÕ ∞t ≠Nr «∞J∏Od ´s «∞∫CU¸«‹ «∞∑w ÆU±X ≠w «∞Ad‚ «_œ≤v
˱FU°b ´Kv {H∑w «∞MOq ≠w §Mu» ±Bd Ë®LU‰ «∞ºuœ«Ê.
ÆUœ "°d¥º∑b" ¸•KW ´KLOW ∞LBd Ë«∞ºuœ«Ê ´Kv ±ußLOs (5091-7091) °LBU•∂W ±ºU´b ˱Bu¸, •OY ØUÊ ¥Q±q ¢ºπOq Øq ±U ¥º∑DOl ¸ƒ¥∑t ±s ±IU°d
∞KLBd¥U‹ Ë¢U¸¥a «∞Ad‚ «∞Ib¥r °t ´U 6981.
°b√ "°d¥º∑b" ¢b¸¥f «∞∑U¸¥a «∞Ib¥r ≠w §U±FW "®OJU¨u" ´U 4981 •OY √ßf ≥MU„ ≠w ≠∑d… ô•IW "±FNb «∞b¸«ßU‹ «∞AdÆOW" ∞OB∂` √ˉ √ß∑U–
Ë«∞cÍ √©KIt ´Kv «∞LMDIW «∞u«ÆFW ±U °Os "±Bd" Ë "±OeË°u¢U±OU" .
«∞AdÆOW «∞Ib¥LW ´Kv •CU¸«‹ «∞FU∞r. ØLU «≤t ØUÊ ±s «°∑bŸ ±BDK` "«∞Nö‰ «∞ªBOV"
≠w ±Ib±W «∞πOq «∞cÍ ¢∂Mv ≠Jd… «_Åu‰ «∞AdÆOW ∞K∫CU¸… «∞Gd°OW, ±u{∫U ≠Cq «∞∫CU¸…
´U 4981 ØQˉ ±u«©s «±d¥Jv ¥∫Bq ´Kv ≥cÁ «∞b¸§W °c«„ «∞∑ªBh. ØUÊ "°d¥º∑b"
´U 8881, £r ßU≠d ≈∞v §U±FW "°d∞Os" Ë•Bq ´Kv œ¸§W «∞bØ∑u¸«Á ±MNU ≠w ´Kr «∞LBd¥U‹
Ë∞b "°d¥º∑b" ≠w "¸ØHu¸œ" °U∞uô¥U‹ «∞L∑∫b…, £r œ¸” «∞∑U¸¥a ≠w "≤u¸À ßM∑d«‰ Øu∞ObÃ"
≥MdÍ °d¥º∑b".
±s √≥r ´KLU¡ «ü£U¸ ≈Ê ∞r ¥Js √≥LNr ´Kv «ù©ö‚, Ë≥u «∞FU∞r «∞πKOq, «_ß∑U– "§OLf
√≤t ≠w ±∏q ≥c« «∞Ou ±Mc £ö£W Ë√¸°FuÊ Ë±UzW ´U±U °U∞C∂j - √È ´U 5681 - Ë∞b Ë«•b
ô ¥LJs √Ê ¥Ld ¥u «∞ºU°l Ë«∞FAd¥s ±s √¨ºDf ´Kv √È ¬£U¸È ØQÍ ¥u ´UœÈ, •OY
***
±d«‹ ßMu¥U, ≠w ®Nu¸ ( ¥MU¥d - ±U¥u - ß∂∑L∂d ).
•OY √Ê ¢πLOl «∞LUœ… «∞özIW °U∞IU¸Δ ¥πV «≤∑IUzNU °FMU¥W, ±LU Æb ¥∑DKV ËÆ∑U ˧Nb« √Ø∂d. ∞c« ˧b≤U ±s «∞LMUßV √Ê ¥JuÊ ≈Åb«¸ "¢d«À ±Bd" £öÀ
´Mb±U °b√≤U ≠w «∞FLq °LπKW "¢d«À ±Bd" ØUÊ ±Id¸« ∞NU √Ê ¢JuÊ ±D∂u´W ≠BKOW ¢Bb¸ √¸°FW ±d«‹ ßMu¥U, ∞JMt «¢C` √Ê ≥c« ßOJuÊ ±∑Fc¸« ≠w «∞∂b«¥W,
ØKLW ¸zOf «∞∑∫d¥d
±U¥‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡u 8002
«∞Fbœ «∞∏U≤v
The Heritage of Egypt
The Heritage of Egypt
v≤U∏∞« œbF∞« - v∞Ë_« WMº∞«
ÈdB± tOM§ 30 dFº∞«
2008 u¥U±